تحديات وفرص استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في إدارة الحدود وأنظمة الهوية

- Access Now. “Iris Scanning of Refugees Is Disproportionate and Dangerous.” 12 Apr. 2021. https://www.accessnow.org/press-release/irisguard-refugees-jordan

- Access Now. “What’s Wrong with Jordan’s Data Protection Law?” 5 May 2022. https://www.accessnow.org/publication/jordan-data-protection-law

- Albous, Mohammad Rashed, Odeh Rashed Al‑Jayyousi, and Melodena Stephens. “AI Governance in the GCC States: A Comparative Analysis of National AI Strategies.” arXiv, 4 May 2025, arxiv.org/abs/2505.02174

- Al‑Khalifa, Muneera, and Sadek, George. “FALQs: AI Regulations in the Gulf Cooperation Council Member States – Part One.” In Custodia Legis, Law Library of Congress, 17 Dec. 2024, blogs.loc.gov/law/2024/12/falqs‑ai‑regulations‑in‑the‑gulf‑cooperation‑council‑member‑states‑part‑one/#:~:text=SDAIA%20also%20governs%20data%20and,established%20ethical%20standards%20and%20regulations

- Amnesty International, 2024). https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol40/7772/2024/en/

- Amnesty International, The Digital Border: Migration, Technology, and Inequality (London:

- Amnesty International. “Global: New Technology and AI Used at Borders Increases Inequalities.” 2024. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/05/global-new-technology-and-ai-used-at-borders-increases-inequalities-and-undermines-human-rights-of-migrants

- Amnesty International. Saudi Arabia: Authorities Hosting Internet Governance Forum While Imprisoning Online Critics Exposes Deep Hypocrisy. 19 Sept. 2024, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/09/saudi-arabia-authorities-hosting-internet-governance-forum-while-imprisoning-online-critics-exposes-deep-hypocrisy

- Aratek. “Emirates ID Explained: Your Gateway to UAE Services.” Aratek Biometrics, 22 Jan. 2024. https://www.aratek.co/news/emirates-id-explained-your-gateway-to-uae-services

- Bazoobandi, Sara. Digital Transformation in Authoritarian Regimes: A MENA Regional Perspective. Geneva Graduate Institute, DigiTraL Series, 2025.

- Beckman, Alison, M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W., Andrea Cárcamo, Leora Hudak, L.C.S.W., and Scott Roehm. Designing a Trauma‑Informed Asylum System in the United States. Center for Victims of Torture (CVT), Feb. 2021. https://www.cvt.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/2.4.designing_a_trauma_informed_asylum_report.feb42021.pdf

- Beduschi, Ana. Harnessing the Potential of Artificial Intelligence for Humanitarian Action: Opportunities and Risks. International Review of the Red Cross, no. 919, June 2022, https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/harnessing-the-potential-of-artificial-intelligence-for-humanitarian-action-919

- Bi, Ran, et al. “Digital Transformation in the Gulf Cooperation Council Economies.” IMF Departmental Paper No. 2025/003, April 1, 2025, International Monetary Fund, 52 pp.

- Biometric Update. “Cairo International Airport Installs ePassport Gates.” Biometric Update, 18 May 2015; https://www.biometricupdate.com/201505/cairo-international-airport-installs-epassport-gates

- BiometricUpdate. “Tunisia drives digitization agenda forward while navigating risks.” BiometricUpdate, 31 Mar. 2025, https://www.biometricupdate.com/202503/tunisia-drives-digitization-agenda-forward-while-navigating-risks

- Birdsall, Carrie. “Code and Control: How AI Is Reshaping US Border Control.” The Yale Review of International Studies, Column on Science and Technology, 4 June 2025, https://yris.yira.org/column/code-and-control-how-ai-is-reshaping-us-border-control/

- Bonsoms, Aitor, and Lewin Schmitt. “AI at the Gates: Present and Future of AI Border Management.” Liberty’s Doom? Artificial Intelligence in Middle Eastern Security, edited by Kristina Kausch, EuroMeSCo, 2022, pp. 18–35.

- Boutier, I and Maganaris, Emmanuel. “The Risks of Labour Trafficking for Migrant Workers.” ResearchOnline, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2025. https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/files/100110804/100081059.pdf

- Burke, Edward and Bazoobandi, Sara. Digital Transformation in Authoritarian Regimes: A MENA Regional Perspective. Geneva Graduate Institute, DigiTraL Project, 2025.

- Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. “Keeping Watch: Surveillance Companies in Middle East & North Africa.” Business & Human Rights, 26 June 2024, https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/from-us/briefings/mena-surveillance-2024/

- Chambers Practice Guides. “Data Protection & Privacy 2025 – Egypt Briefing.” Chambers Practice Guides, 11 Mar. 2025. https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/data-protection-privacy-2025/egypt

- Chandler, Caitlin, et al. “Inside the Black Box of Predictive Travel Surveillance.” Wired, 13 Jan. 2025, https://www.wired.com/story/inside-the-black-box-of-predictive-travel-surveillance/

- Chatzis, Petros, and Eliana Stavrou. “Cyber‑Threat Landscape of Border Control Infrastructures.” International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, vol. 36, 2022, p. 100503. University of Central Lancashire repository, 15 Feb. 2022, https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/id/eprint/40713/

- Cleary CyberWatch. “Saudi Arabia’s Personal Data Protection Law and Regulations Come into Effect.” Cleary CyberWatch, 17 Jan. 2024. https://www.clearycyberwatch.com/2024/01/saudi-arabias-data-protection-law-and-regulations-come-into-effect/

- Council of Europe. Artificial Intelligence and Migration. 2022, https://rm.coe.int/report-artificial-intelligence-and-migration/1680b67b8a

- Court of Justice of the European Union. Case T‑158/19: Breyer v European Research Executive Agency. Judgment of the General Court, 15 Dec. 2021. European Court Reports. https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?dir=&docid=251282&doclang=en&mode=req&occ=first&pageIndex=0&part=1&text=&utm

- Danish Institute for Human Rights. Guidance on Human Rights Impact Assessment of Digital Activities: Introduction. Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2020. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/A_HRIA_of_Digital_Activities_-_Introduction.pdf

- Digital Watch "The UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031." Digital Watch, Geneva Internet Platform, Oct. 2017, https://dig.watch/resource/the-uae-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence-2031

- DLA Piper. “Data Protection Laws of the World: Tunisia.” DLA Piper, https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/?c=TN&t=law

- Dupuy, Joshua. “Legal Transparency in AI Finance: Facing the Accountability Dilemma in Digital Decision-Making.” Reuters, 1 Mar. 2024, https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/legal-transparency-ai-finance-facing-accountability-dilemma-digital-decision-2024-03-01/

- Emirates. “Contactless Biometric Path.” Emirates Airlines. https://www.emirates.com/us/english/experience/contactless-journey

- Euronews. “Biometrics and Face Scanning: The World’s First Document-Free Airport May Touch Down in 2025.” Euronews Next, 23 Aug. 2024. https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/08/23/biometrics-and-face-scanning-the-worlds-first-document-free-airport-may-touch-down-in-2025

- European Digital Rights (EDRi). “Greece: Clarifications Sought on Human Rights Impacts of iBorderCtrl.” EDRi, 5 Nov. 2018,

- European Parliament Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Biometric Recognition and Behavioural Detection: Assessing the Ethical Aspects of Biometric Recognition and Behavioural Detection Techniques with a Focus on Their Current and Future Use in Public Spaces (Study requested by the JURI and PETI Committees). European Parliament, July 2021. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/696968/IPOL_STU(2021)696968_EN.pdf

- European Union. The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Up-to-date developments and analyses of the EU AI Act, 2025. https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/

- Farouk, Menna A. “Saudi 'surveillance city': Would you sell your data to The Line?” Reuters, August 23, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/commodities/feature-saudi-surveillance-city-would-you-sell-your-data-to-the-line-idUSL8N2ZL0CM/

- Fatafta, Marwa. “Egypt’s New Data Protection Law: Data Protection or Data Control?” Access Now, Sept. 2020. https://www.accessnow.org/egypts-new-data-protection-law-data-protection-or-data-control/

- Financial Times Editorial Board. “The Gulf’s Ambitious Bet on AI.” Financial Times, 10 June 2025, https://www.ft.com/content/1585a227-76db-49b3-a78e‑5d5adf0997e7

- Freedom House. Freedom on the Net 2023: Saudi Arabia. Oct. 2023, freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-net/2023. https://freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-net/2023

- Future Travel Experience. “Automated Border Control e‑gates Now Live at Hamad International Airport.” Future Travel Experience, 24 Sept. 2014. https://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2014/09/automated-border-control-e-gates-now-live-hamad-international-airport/

- General Directorate of Residency and Foreigners Affairs. “Smart Gate.” Government of Dubai. https://www.gdrfad.gov.ae/en/node/2110

- Greenfield, Carlyn. “As Governments Build Advanced Surveillance Systems, Migrant Rights Are Diminished.” Migration Policy Institute, 11 Mar. 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/governments-build-advanced-surveillance-systems

- Haberkorn, Axel. “Keeping UNHCR’s Biometrics System up to date.” UNHCR Blog, 2 Aug. 2023, https://www.unhcr.org/blogs/keeping-unhcrs-biometrics-system-up-to-date/

- Hall, Lucia. “Programming the Machine: Gender, Race, Sexuality, AI, and the Construction of Credibility and Deceit at the Border.” Internet Policy Review, vol. 10, no. 4, 2021, https://policyreview.info/pdf/policyreview-2021-4-1601.pdf

- Hertog, Steffen. The Future of Migrant Work in the GCC: Literature Review and Emerging Opportunities. London School of Economics, 2019. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/102382/1/Hertog_future_of_migrant_work_in_GCC_published.pdf

- High-level Committee on Management Task Force on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the United Nations System. Report on the Operational Use of AI in the UN System. Chief Executives Board for Coordination, 6 Dec. 2024. United Nations System Chief Executives Board. https://unsceb.org/sites/default/files/2025-01/Report%20on%20the%20Operational%20Use%20of%20AI%20in%20the%20UN%20System.pdf

- https://edri.org/our-work/greece-clarifications-sought-on-human-rights-impacts-of-iborderctrl/

- https://grc.net/w/Updated_11-03-25_GCC-EU%20brochure_2.pdf

- https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf

- https://pure.giga-hamburg.de/ws/files/52497132/DigiTraL_01_2025_Bazoobandi.pdf

- https://thenewpress.org/books/the-walls-have-eyes/

- https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/087/2025/003/087.2025.issue-003-en.pdf

- https://www.euromesco.net/publication/libertys-doom-artificial-intelligence-in-middle-eastern-security/

- Human Rights Watch. “UN Shared Rohingya Data Without Informed Consent.” 15 June 2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/15/un-shared-rohingya-data-without-informed-consent

- Human Rights Watch. UAE: Mass Surveillance Threatens Rights, COP28 Outcome. Human Rights Watch, 30 Nov. 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/30/uae-mass-surveillance-threatens-rights-cop28-outcome.

- ICAO. “Ministerial Statement at ICAO Meeting, Cairo.” ICAO, 17 Apr. 2025. https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/Meetings/FALC2025/STATEMENTS/Egypt.EN.pdf

- ICLG Data Protection. “Data Protection Laws and Regulations 2025 – Egypt.” ICLG Data Protection, 21 July 2025. https://iclg.com/practice-areas/data-protection-laws-and-regulations/egypt

- ID Tech Wire. “Saudi Arabia’s Absher Platform Reaches 28 Million Digital Identities Milestone.” 2024. https://idtechwire.com/saudi-arabias-absher-platform-reaches-28-million-digital-identities-milestone

- IDEMIA. “UAE’s Multi-Biometric Entry/Exit Program: Enabling Seamless Border Crossing While Ensuring Maximum Security.” IDEMIA.com. https://www.idemia.com/uaes-multi-biometric-entryexit-program-enabling-seamless-border-crossing-while-ensuring-maximum-security

- International Organization for Migration. Artificial Intelligence, Migration and Mobility: Implications for Policy and Practice. World Migration Report 2022, Chapter 11. International Organization for Migration, 2021. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022-chapter-11

- Interview with OHCHR Human Rights and Technology Officer on AI, Rights, and Border Governance, July 2025; Interview with UNDP Digital Transformation Specialist on Digital Transformation and AI in MENA Border Governance, July 2025.

- Interview with UNDP Digital Transformation Specialist on Digital Transformation and AI in MENA Border Governance, July 2025.

- IOM. Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM): Middle East and North Africa. IOM, 2024. https://dtm.iom.int/regions/middle-east-and-north-africa

- Jordanian Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship. Jordanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Plan (2023–2027). Nov. 2022. https://dig.watch/resource/jordanian-artificial-intelligence-strategy-and-implementation-plan-2023-2027

- Kausch, Kristina, et al. Liberty’s Doom?: Artificial Intelligence in Middle Eastern Security. Policy Study no. 27, IEMed (EuroMeSCo), May 2022. https://www.euromesco.net/publication/libertys-doom-artificial-intelligence-in-middle-eastern-security/

- Khoury, Christina, and Maegan Hendow. Advances in Border Management: Digitalisation Trends and Emerging Technologies. Working Paper, International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Jan. 2025. ICMPD. Available at icmpd.org/file/download/63640/file/Advances%20in%20Border%20Management-%20Digitilisation%20trends%20and%20emerging%20technologies.pdf

- KPMG Lower Gulf LLP. The Future of AI Governance: The UAE Charter and Global Perspectives. 29 July 2025, https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/ae/pdf-2025/02/the-future-of-ai-governance-executive-summary.pdf

- Lawgratis. “Artificial Intelligence Law at Tunisia – National AI Strategy.” 5 May 2025, https://www.lawgratis.com/blog-detail/artificial-intelligence-law-at-tunisia

- May, Tiana. “E‑Gate Rollout Expanded to Improve Airport Border Control in Saudi Arabia.” Airport Industry News, 3 Apr. 2025. https://airportindustry-news.com/e-gate-rollout-expanded-to-improve-airport-border-control-in-saudi-arabia/

- McGregor, Lorna, and Petra Molnar. Digital Border Governance: A Human Rights‑Based Approach. OHCHR and University of Essex, 18 Sept. 2023. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2023‑09/Digital‑Border‑Governance‑A‑Human‑Rights‑Based‑Approach.pdf

- McKinsey & Company. The State of AI in GCC Countries and How to Overcome Adoption Challenges. McKinsey Digital, 2023. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-state-of-ai-in-gcc-countries-and-how-to-overcome-adoption-challenges

- Memon, Amina, et al. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Asylum System.” Medicine, Science and the Law, vol. 64, no. 2, 30 Jan. 2024, pp. 87–90, doi:10.1177/00258024241227721. Helen Bamber Foundation & Centre for the Study of Emotion and Law. https://www.helenbamber.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/memon-et-al-2024-artificial-intelligence-%28ai%29-in-the-asylum-system.pdf

- Ministry of Interior, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. “Saudi Arabia’s Absher Platform Reaches 28 Million Digital Identities Milestone.” IDTechWire, 26 Dec. 2024. https://idtechwire.com/saudi-arabias-absher-platform-reaches-28-million-digital-identities-milestone/

- Molnar, Petra. The Walls Have Eyes: Surviving Migration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. The New Press, May 2024.

- Nasruddin, Faria, and Kara Struckman. “AI in Bahrain: Integrating AI Into Economic Visions, National Security and a Growing Workforce.” Wilson Center, 20 Sept. 2024, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/ai-bahrain-integrating-ai-economic-visions-national-security-and-growing-workforce

- NEOM showcases automated contactless biometric passport e‑gates.” Security Middle East Magazine, 6 May 2025. https://www.securitymiddleeastmag.com/neom-automated-contactless-biometric-passport-egates/

- OECD. Governing with Artificial Intelligence: Are Governments Ready? OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, no. 20, OECD Publishing, 13 June 2024, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/governing-with-artificial-intelligence_26324bc2-en.html

- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). B‑Tech Project. OHCHR, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/b‑tech

- OHCHR. B-Tech Concept Note: Risk Assessment and Auditing Event. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/business/b-tech/b-tech-gni-concept-note-geneva-risk-assessment-auditing-event.pdf

- Osseiran, Nazih. “In Jordan, Refugees Scan Irises to Collect Aid. But Is It Ethical?” Thomson Reuters Foundation, 13 Dec. 2022. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/feature-in-jordan-refugees-scan-irises-to-collect-aid-but-is-it-ethical-idUSL8N32R6GF

- Privacy International. Safeguards for Public‑Private Surveillance Partnerships. Dec. 2021. Section: “Commercial interests or intellectual property rights prevent disclosure of details of a technology or system.” https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/PI%20PPP%20Safeguards%20%5BFINAL%20DRAFT%2007.12.21%5D.pdf

- Qarjouli, Asmahan. “Hamad Airport First in Region to Install ‘Cutting‑Edge’ Carry‑On Screening.” Doha News, 19 Nov. 2020, dohanews.co/hamad-airport-first-in-region-to-install-cutting-edge-carry-on-screening/

- QHM Law. “What You Should Know About Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL).” QHM Law Firm, updated Sept. 2023. https://qhmlawfirm.com/wp/personal-data-protection-law-pdpl/

- Rida, Nayla. “AI Regulation, Migration and the New International World Order.” Oxford Human Rights Hub, 12 June 2025, ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/ai-regulation-migration-and-the-new-international-world-order/

- Rinaldi, Alberto, and Sue Anne Teo. “The Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Border and Migration Control and the Subtle Erosion of Human Rights.” International & Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 74, no. 1, 2025, pp. 61–89. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589325000090

- Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of. “Vision 2030.” Vision 2030, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en

- Saudi Press Agency. “SDAIA Supports Saudi Arabia’s Leadership in Shaping AI Governance.” Saudi Press Agency, 27 July 2025, https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/N2367884

- Schaer, Cathrin. “AI‑enhanced Identification: A Danger in the Middle East?” Deutsche Welle, 23 Aug. 2023. https://p.dw.com/p/4VSGK

- SDAIA. “Guide to the Saudi Personal Data Protection Law.” SDAIA, 2023. https://dgp.sdaia.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/f579bc32-fda8-47bd-bc6f-66b8cb77985c/ENG-Guide+to+the+saudi+PDP+law+for+controllersprocessors.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

- Sherman, John F. III. Integrating Human Rights Due Diligence Into Model Supply Chain Contracts. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, Working Paper No. 80, Dec. 2022. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/mrcbg/files/CRI_80_AWP_FINAL.pdf

- SITA Aero Pressroom. “Digital Border and Airport Technologies: Smoothing the Way for Visitors to the World Cup.” SITA Aero Pressroom, 22 Feb. 2023. https://www.sita.aero/pressroom/blog/digital-border-and-airport-technologies-smoothing-the-way-for-visitors-to-the-world-cup/

- Solaiman, Barry, Ayesha Bashir, and Fama Dieng. “Chapter 19: Regulating AI in Health in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.” Research Handbook on Health, AI and the Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK613206/

- Soliman, Mohammed. “Saudi Arabia’s AI Ambition, and What It Means for the United States.” Middle East Institute, 5 June 2025, www.mei.edu/publications/saudi-arabias-ai-ambition-and-what-it-means-united‑states

- Tsaaro. “Personal Data Protection Law Implemented from 16 Oct. 2020.” Tsaaro, 18 Jun. 2025. https://tsaaro.com/blogs/understanding-egypts-pdpl-in-the-context-of-global-data-protection-standards/

- U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Statement for the Record on Assessing CBP’s Use of Facial Recognition Technology.” Congressional Resources, 27 July 2022. https://www.cbp.gov/about/congressional-resources/testimony/statement-record-assessing-cbps-use-facial-recognition-technology

- UNCIA Global AI Regulation Tracker. “Tunisia’s National AI Strategy.” Fairly AI, 31 May 2025, https://www.fairly.ai/blog/map-of-global-ai-regulations

- UNESCO. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2021. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence

- UNHCR Innovation Service. Project Jetson Technical Specifications, UNHCR, 2019. https://jetson.unhcr.org/tech.html

- UNHCR Innovation Service. Project Jetson: Using Artificial Intelligence to Model Displacement in Somalia. UNHCR, 2019, https://www.unhcr.org/innovation/project-jetson/

- UNHCR Jordan. Biometrics 2022. https://help.unhcr.org/jordan/wp-content/uploads/sites/46/2022/02/Biometrics-EN-Edited-Feb2022.pdf

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- United Arab Emirates. “UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence.” U.A.E. Official Portal, strategies‑initiatives‑and‑awards section, Government Services & Digital Transformation, u.ae, https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/government-services-and-digital-transformation/uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence.

- United Arab Emirates. Federal Decree by Law No. (45) of 2021 Concerning the Protection of Personal Data. Legislation of the United Arab Emirates, https://www.uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1972/download

- United Nations Development Programme. AILA: Artificial Intelligence Landscape Assessment. 2022. UNDP, https://www.undp.org/digital/aila

- United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2025: A Matter of Choice – People and Possibilities in the Age of AI. New York: Human Development Report Office, May 6, 2025.

- United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Regional Security: Threat Perceptions and the Middle East WMD-Free Zone. UNIDIR, 2024. https://unidir.org/publication/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-regional-security-threat-perceptions-and-the-middle-east-wmd-free-zone/

- United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). About the B-Tech Project. OHCHR, https://www.ohchr.org/en/business-and-human-rights/b-tech-project

- United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Submission to the Global Digital Compact: Recommendations of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. April 2023, https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/sites/www.un.org.techenvoy/files/GDC-submission_OHCHR.pdf

- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). “Jordan – The Launch of the Integrated Border Management Project.” 19 Nov. 2019. https://www.unodc.org/romena/en/Stories/2019/November/jordan_-the-launch-of-the-integrated-border-management-project.html

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- United Nations. Roadmap for Digital Cooperation: Implementation of the Recommendations of the High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation. United Nations, 2020. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3864685?ln=en

- United Nations. Roadmap for Digital Cooperation: Implementation of the Recommendations of the High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation. United Nations, 2020. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3864685?ln=en

- United States Congress. “Assessing CBP’s Use of Facial Recognition Technology.” Hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Border Security, Facilitation, & Operations, 27 July 2022, Washington, D.C. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/115050/witnesses/HHRG-117-HM11-Wstate-TanciarD-20220727.pdf

- Wendehorst, Christiane, and Yannic Duller. Biometric Recognition and Behavioral Detection Assessing the ethical aspects of biometric recognition and behavioral detection techniques with a focus on their current and future use in public spaces, August 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/696968/IPOL_STU(2021)696968_EN.pdf