المرجع في الوقاية من الجريمة وأمن المجتمع

مراجع الفصل الأول

Bamfield, J. (1994) Electronic article surveillance: Management learning in curbing theft. In: M. Gill (ed.) Crime at Work. London: Perpetuity Press, pp. 155–173.

Bjorgo, T. (2016) Preventing Crime: A Holistic Approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Clarke R.V. and Mayhew, P. (1988) The British gas suicide story and its criminological implica­tions. In: M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds) Crime and Justice, vol. 10. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 79–116.

Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4): 588–608.

Cornish, D. and Clarke, R.V. (eds) (1986) The Reasoning Criminal. New York: Springer.

Cornish, D. and Clarke, R.V. (1987) Understanding crime displacement: An application of rational choice theory. Criminology, 25: 933–947.

Curra, J. (2000) The Relativity of Deviance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Davidoff, F., Dixon-Woods, M., Leviton, L. and Michie, S. (2015) Demystifying theory and its use in improvement. BMJ Quality and Safety, 24: 228–238.

Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L. and Michie, S. (2014) Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: A scoping review. Health Psy­chology Review, 8: 1–22.

Eck, J.E. and Spelman, W. (1987) Problem-solving: Problem-oriented Policing in Newport News. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Ekblom, P. (1986) The prevention of shop theft: An approach through crime analysis. Crime Prevention Unit Paper No. 5, Home Office, London.

Ekblom, P. (1994) Proximal circumstances: A mechanism-based classification of crime preven­tion. Crime Prevention Studies, 2: 185–232.

Ekblom, P. (1997) Gearing up against crime: A dynamic framework to help designers keep up with the adaptive criminal in a changing world. International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention, 2: 249–265.

Ekblom, P. (1999) Can we make crime prevention adaptive by learning from other evolutionary struggles? Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 8, 27–51.

Ekblom, P. (2011) Crime Prevention, Security and Community Safety Using the 5Is Framework. Bas­ingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ekblom, P. and Pease, K. (2014) Innovation and crime prevention. In: G. Bruinsma and D. Weisburd (eds) Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer, pp. 2523–2531.

Ekblom, P. and Tilley, N. (2000) Going equipped: Criminology, situational crime prevention and the resourceful offender. British Journal of Criminology, 40: 376–398.

Engstad, P. and Evans, H. (1980) Responsibility, competence and police effectiveness in crime control. In: R. Clarke and M. Hough (eds) The Effectiveness of Policing. Farnborough: Gower, pp. 139–162.

Farrell, S., Bannister, J., Ditton, J. and Gilchrist, E. (1997) Questioning the measurement of the ‘fear of crime’: Findings from a major methodological study. British Journal of Criminology, 37(4): 658–679.

Farrington, D.P., Bowen, S., Buckle, A., Burns-Howell, T., Burrows, J. and Speed, M. (1993) An experiment on the prevention of shoplifting. In: R.V. Clarke (ed.) Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 1. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press , pp. 93–119.

Felson, M. (1986) Linking criminal choices, routine activities, informal control and criminal out­comes. In: D. Cornish and R. Clarke (eds) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer, pp. 119–128.

Felson, M. (2008) Routine activity approach. In: R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle (eds) Environ­mental Criminology and Crime Analysis. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing, pp. 70–76.

Felson, M. and Eckert, M. (2016) Crime and Everyday Life, 5th edn. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Goldstein, H. (1979) Improving policing: A problem-oriented approach. Crime and Delinquency, 25: 236–258.

Goldstein, H. (1990) Problem-oriented Policing. New York: McGraw Hill.

Guerette, R.T. and Bowers, K. (2009) Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefit: A systematic review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology, 47(4): 1331–1368.

Halpern, D. (2015) Inside the Nudge Unit: How Small Changes can make a Big Difference. London: Allen.

Hayes, R. and Blackwood, R. (2006) Evaluating the effects of EAS on product sales and loss: Results of a large-scale field experiment. Security Journal, 19, 262–276.

Ignatans, D. and Pease, K. (2015) Distributive justice and the crime drop. In: M. Andresen and

G. Farrell (eds) The Criminal Act: Festschrift for Marcus Felson. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 77–87.

Innes, M. (2004) Signal crimes and signal disorders: Notes on deviance as communicative action.

British Journal of Sociology, 55(3): 335–355.

Lakatos, I. (1976) Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press.

Laycock, G. (2004) The UK car theft index: An example of government leverage. Crime Preven­tion Studies, 17: 25–44.

Laycock, G. and Tilley, N. (1995) Implementing crime prevention. In: M. Tonry and D. Far­rington (eds) Building a Safer Society. Crime and Justice, vol. 19. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 535–584.

McCord, J. (2003) Cures that harm: Unanticipated outcomes of crime prevention programs.

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 587: 16–30.

Mayhew, P., Clarke, R. and Elliott, D. (1989) Motor cycle theft, helmet legislation and displace­ment. Howard Journal, 28(1): 1–8.

Merton, R. (1967) On sociological theories of the middle-range. In: R. Merton (ed.) On Theor­etical Sociology: Five Essays Old and New. New York: Free Press, pp. 39–72.

Pawson, R. (2009) Middle range theory and programme theory evaluation: From provenance to practice. In: J. Vaessen and F. Leeuw (eds) Mind the Gap: Perspectives on Policy Evaluation and the Social Sciences. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, pp. 171–202.

Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. (1997) Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage. Popper, K. (1972) Objective Knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sampson, R., Eck, J.E. and Dunham, J. (2009) Super controllers and crime prevention: A routine activity explanation of crime prevention success and failure. Security Journal, 23(1): 37–51.

Scott, M. (2005) Shifting and sharing responsibility to address public safety problems. In: N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 1st edn. London: Routledge, pp. 385–409.

Scott, M.S. and Goldstein, H. (2005) Shifting and sharing responsibility for public safety prob­lems. US Department of Justice, Office of Community-oriented Policing Services, Washing­ton, DC.

Sidebottom, A., Tompson, L., Thornton, A., Bullock, K., Tilley, N., Bowers, K. and Johnson,

S.D. (in press). Gating Alleys to Reduce Crime: A Meta-Analysis and Realist Synthesis. Justice Quarterly.

Sidebottom, A., Tompson, L., Thornton, A., Bullock, K., Tilley, N., Bowers, K. and Johnson,

S.D. (2015) Gating Alleys to Reduce Crime: A Meta-Analysis and Realist Synthesis. Available online at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/About/Documents/Alley_gating.pdf.

Tilley, N. and Laycock, G. (2002) Working out what to do: Evidence-based crime reduction. Crime reduction Research Series Paper 11, Home Office, London.

Tilley, N., Tseloni, A. and Farrell, G. (2011) Income disparities of burglary risk and security availability over time. British Journal of Criminology, 51(2): 296–313.

Tittle, C.R. (2016) Introduction: Theory and contemporary criminology. In: A. Piquero (ed.)

The Handbook of Criminological Theory. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1–18.

Tompson, L. and Knutsson, J. (forthcoming) Advances in Evidence Based Policing. London: Routledge.

Walsh, D. (1994) The obsolescence of crime forms In: R.V. Clarke (ed.) Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 2. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press, pp. 149–163.

Weisburd, D. and Eck, J.E. (2004) What can the police do to reduce crime, disorder and fear?

Annals of the American Academy of Social and Political Sciences, 593: 42–65. Wortley, R. (2011) Psychological Criminology. London: Routledge.

Wortley, R. (2013) Rational choice and offender decision making: Lessons from the cognitive sciences. In: B. Leclerc and R. Wortley (eds) Cognition and Crime: Offender Decision Making and Script Analyses. London: Routledge, pp. 237–251.

مراجع الفصل الثاني

Akers, R. L., Sellers, C. 2013. Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application, 6th edition. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Andresen, M. A. 2014. Environmental Criminology: Evolution, Theory, and Practice. New York: Routledge.

Baudains, P., Braithwaite, A., Johnson, S. D. 2013. Target choice during extreme events: a dis­crete spatial choice model of the 2011 London riots. Criminology 51(2): 251–285.

Beavon, D. J. K., Brantingham, P. L., Brantingham, P. J. 1994. The influence of street networks on the patterning of property offenses. In: Clarke, R. V. G. (ed.) Crime Prevention Studies. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 115–148.

Beirne, P. 1987. Adolphe Quetelet and the origins of positivist criminology. American Journal of Sociology 92(5): 1140–1169.

Bernasco, W. 2006. Co-offending and the choice of target areas in burglary. Journal of Investiga­tive Psychology and Offender Profiling 3(3), 139–155.

Bernasco, W. 2010. A sentimental journey to crime: effects of residential history on crime loca­tion choice. Criminology 48(2): 389–416.

Bernasco, W., Block, R. L. 2009. Where offenders choose to attack: a discrete choice model of robberies in Chicago. Criminology 47(1): 93–130.

Bernasco, W., Kooistra, T. 2010. Effects of residential history on commercial robbers crime loca­tion choices. European Journal of Criminology 7(4): 251–265.

Bernasco, W., Nieuwbeerta, P. 2005. How do residential burglars select target areas? A new approach to the analysis of criminal location choice. British Journal of Criminology 45(3): 296–315.

Bernasco, W., Block, R. L., Ruiter, S. 2013. Go where the money is: modeling street robbers location choices. Journal of Economic Geography 13(1): 119–143.

Boggs, S. 1965. Urban crime patterns. American Sociological Review 30(6): 899–908.

Brantingham, P. J., Brantingham, P. L. 1975. The spatial patterning of burglary. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 14: 11–23.

Brantingham, P. L., Brantingham, P. J. 1981. Notes on the geometry of crime. Environmental Criminology, 27–54.

Brantingham, P. J., Brantingham, P. L. 2003. Anticipating the displacement of crime using the principles of environmental criminology. In: Smith, M. J., Cornish, D. B. (eds.) Theory for Practice in Situational Crime Prevention, vol. 16. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 119–148.

Cameron, M. O. 1964. The Booster and the Snitch: Department Store Shoplifting. New York: Mac­millan.

Clare, J., Fernandez, J., Morgan, F. 2009. Formal evaluation of the impact of barriers and con­nectors on residential burglars’ macro-level offending location choices. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 42(2): 139–158.

Clarke, R. V. 1983. Situational crime prevention: its theoretical basis and practical scope. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research 4: 225–256.

Cohen, L. E., Felson, M. 1979. Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American Sociological Review 44: 588–605.

Cullen, F. T., Agnew, R., Wilcox, P. 2014. Criminological Theory: Past to Present, 5th edition. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dodsworth, F. 2007. Police and the prevention of crime: commerce, temptation and the corrup­tion of the body politic, from Fielding to Colquhoun. British Journal of Criminology 47(3): 439–454.

Friendly, M. 2007. A.-M. Guerry’s moral statistics of France: challenges for multivariable spatial analysis. Statistical Science 22(3): 368–399.

Gottfredson, M. R. 1986. Substantive contributions of victimization surveys. Crime and Justice 7: 251–287.

Gould, L. 1969. The changing structure of property crime in an affluent society. Social Forces 48(1): 50–59.

Harries, K. D. 1980. Crime and the Environment. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, Publishing. Hindelang, M., Gottfredson, M., Garofalo, J. 1978. Victims of Personal Crime: An Empirical

Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Hirschi, T. 2002(1969). Causes of Delinquency. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Johnson, S. 2006. The Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying Epidemic – and How it Changed Science, Cities and the Modern World. London and New York: Riverhead Books.

Johnson, S. D., Bowers, K. J. 2010. Permeability and burglary risk: are cul-de-sacs safer? Journal of Quantitative Criminology 26(1): 89–111.

Johnson, S. D., Summers, L. 2015. Testing ecological theories of offender spatial decision making using a discrete choice model. Crime Delinquency 61(3): 454–480.

Kuhn, T. S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Enlarged 2nd edition. Chicago, IL: Uni­versity of Chicago Press.

Letkemann, P. J. 1971. Modus operandi: crime as work (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).

Mayhew, P. M., Clarke, R. V., Sturman, A., Hough, M. 1976. Crime as opportunity. Home

Office Research Study no. 34, HMSO, London.

Natarajan, M. 2011. Crime Opportunity Theories: Routine Activity, Rational Choice and their Variants. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.

Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., McKenzie, R. D. 1925. The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Porterfield, A. L. 1943. Delinquency and its outcome in court and college. American Journal of Sociology 49(3): 199–208.

Rengert, G. F. 1980. Crime: A Spatial Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press. Rossmo, D. K. 2015. Short and sweet: a call for concise journal articles. Criminologist 40(2): 8–10.

Shaw, C. R., McKay, H. D. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Sutherland, E. H. 1940. White collar criminality. American Sociological Review 5(1): 1–12. Townsley, M., Birks, D., Bernasco, W., Ruiter, S., Johnson, S. D., White, G., Baum, S. 2015.

Burglar target selection: a cross-national comparison. Journal of Research in Crime and Delin­quency 52(1): 3–31.

Townsley, M., Birks, D., Ruiter, S., Bernasco, W., White, G. 2016. Target selection models with preference variation between offenders. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 32(2): 283–304.

Townsley, M., Sidebottom, A. 2010. All offenders are equal, but some are more equal than others: variation in journeys to crime between offenders. Criminology 48(3): 210–222.

van Dijk, J. J. M., Steinmetz, C. 1983. Victimization surveys: beyond measuring the volume of crime. Victimology 8: 291–301.

Wortley, R., Mazerolle, L. (Eds.). 2008. Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis. Portland, OR: Willan.

مراجع الفصل الثالث:

Anderson, B. 2013. Us and Them: The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Armitage, R. 2002. To CCTV or not to CCTV? London: NACRO.

Ashworth, A. and Zedner, L. 2014. Preventive Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Austin, J. and Krisberg, B. 2002. Wider, stronger and different nets: the dialectics of criminal justice reform, in J. Muncie, G. Hughes and E. McLaughlin (eds) Youth Justice: Critical Read­ings. London: Sage, pp. 258–274.

Bannister, J. and Kearns, A. 2012. Overcoming intolerance to young people’s conduct, Criminol­ogy and Criminal Justice 13(4): 380–397.

Bauman, Z. 2001. Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bell, E. 2014. The anti-sociality of anti-social behaviour policy, in S. Pickard (ed.) Anti-Social Behaviour in Britain: Victorian and Contemporary Perspectives. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 225–236.

Blundell, R. and Etheridge, B. 2010. Consumption, income and earnings inequality in Britain,

Review of Economic Dynamics 13(1): 76–102.

Bond-Taylor, S. 2014. The politics of ASB within the ‘Troubled Families’ programme, in S. Pickard (ed.) Anti-Social Behaviour in Britain: Victorian and Contemporary Perspectives. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 141–154.

Bottoms, A.E. 2006. Incivilities, offence and social order in residential communities, in A. von Hirsch and A.P. Simester (eds) Incivilities: Regulating Offensive Behaviour. Oxford: Hart Publish­ing, pp. 239–280.

Bottoms, A.E. and Wiles, P. 1997. Environmental criminology, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and

R. Reiner (eds) Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 620–656. Bowling, B. 1993. Racial harassment and the process of victimisation, British Journal of Criminol- ogy 33(2): 231–250.

Box, S., Hale, C. and Andrews, G. 1988. Explaining fear of crime, British Journal of Criminology 28: 340–356.

Britten, N. and Rayner, G. 2009. Police failed mother and daughter who burned to death in car, Daily Telegraph, 28 September.

Butler, P. 2015. Troubled families scheme outcomes: miraculous success or pure fiction? Guardian, 22 June.

Cockbain, E. 2013. Grooming and the ‘Asian sex gang predator’: the construction of a racial crime threat, Race and Class 54(4): 22–32.

Cohen, S. 1985. Visions of Social Control. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Coleman, R. 2002. Reclaiming the streets: closed circuit television, neo-liberalism and the mystification of social divisions in Liverpool, UK, Surveillance and Society 2(2/3): 293–309.

Coleman, R. 2004. Reclaiming the Streets: Surveillance, Social Control and the City. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Coleman, R. 2009. ‘They just look wrong’: visualising ‘crime’ and grime in the post social city: the coercive dynamic of regeneration policies, Criminal Justice Matters 78(1): 29–31.

Crawford, A. 1994a. Appeals to community and crime prevention, Crime, Law and Social Change 22(2): 97–126.

Crawford, A. 1994b. The partnership approach to community crime prevention: corporatism at the local level? Social and Legal Studies 3(4): 497–519.

Crawford, A. 1997. The Local Governance of Crime: Appeals to Community and Partnerships. Oxford: Clarendon.

Crawford, A. 1998. Community safety and the quest for security: holding back the dynamics of social exclusion, Policy Studies 19(3–4): 237–253.

Crawford, A. 1999. Questioning appeals to community within crime prevention and control,

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 7(4): 509–530.

Crawford, A. 2009. Governing through anti-social behaviour: regulatory challenges to criminal justice, British Journal of Criminology 49: 810–831.

Creaney, S. 2013. Beyond pre-emptive criminalisation: towards a child-friendly youth justice, Safer Communities 12(3): 101–110.

Crossley, S. 2015. The Troubled Families Programme: The Perfect Social Policy. London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies.

Crossley, S. 2016. The Troubled Families Programme: in, for and against the state? Social Policy Review 28: 127–146.

CSJ (Centre for Social Justice). 2009. Dying to Belong: An In-Depth Review of Street Gangs in Britain. London: Centre for Social Justice.

Davis, M. 1990. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Verso.

DCLG (Department for Communities and Local Government). 2012. The Troubled Families Pro­gramme. London: DCLG.

Derbyshire, D. 2005. Bluewater profits from ‘hoodies’ ban, Daily Telegraph, 20 May. Donzelot, J. 1979. The Policing of Families. New York: Random House.

Dorling, D. 2014. Inequality and the 1%. London: Verso.

Edwards, A. 2002. Learning from diversity: the strategic dilemmas of community based crime control, in G. Hughes and A. Edwards (eds) Crime Control and Community: The New Politics of Public Safety. London: Routledge, pp. 141–166.

Edwards, A.M. and Hughes, G. 2008. Resilient Fabians? Anti-social behaviour and community safety work in Wales, in P. Squires (ed.) ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of nuisance. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 57–72.

Farrington, D.P. 2002. Understanding and preventing youth crime, in J. Muncie, G. Hughes and E. McLaughlin (eds) Youth Justice: Critical Readings. London: Sage, pp. 425–430.

Farrington-Douglas, J. and Durante, L. 2009. Towards a popular, preventative youth justice system. Institute for Public Policy Research, London.

Field, F. 2003. Neighbours from Hell: The Politics of Behaviour. London: Politico’s Publishing.

Flint, J. and Powell, R. 2012. The English city riots of 2011: ‘Broken Britain’ and the retreat into the present. Sociological Research Online 17(3): 20.

Gill, M. and Spriggs, A. 2005. Assessing the impact of CCTV. Research, Development and Sta­tistics Directorate, Home Office, London.

Gilling, D. 1997. Crime Prevention: Theory, Policy, and Politics. London: UCL Press.

Gilling, D. 2007. Crime Reduction and Community Safety: Labour and the Politics of Local Crime Control. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Gilling, D. and Barton, A. 1997. Crime prevention and community safety: a new home for social policy? Critical Social Policy 17(52): 63–83.

Goold, B. 2004. CCTV and Policing: Public Area Surveillance and Police Practices in Britain. Oxford: Clarendon.

Gregg, D. 2010. Family intervention projects: a classic case of policy-based evidence. Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, London.

Hale, C. 1996. Fear of crime: a review of the literature, International Review of Victimology 4(2): 79–150.

Hallsworth, S. 2013. The Gang and Beyond: Interpreting Violent Street Worlds. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hancock, L. and Mooney, G. 2012. Beyond the penal state: advanced marginality, social policy and anti-welfarism, in P. Squires and J. Lea (eds) Criminalisation and Advanced Marginality, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 107–128.

Hansen, R., Bill, L. and Pease, K. 2003. Nuisance offenders: scoping the public policy problems, in M. Tonry (ed.) Confronting Crime: Crime Control Policy under New Labour. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 80–94.

Hayden, C. and Jenkins, C. 2014. ‘Troubled Families’ programme in England: ‘wicked prob-lems’ and policy-based evidence, Policy Studies 35(6): 631–649.

Haydon, D. and Scraton, P. 2000. ‘Condemn a little more, understand a little less’: the political context and rights’ implications of the domestic and European rulings in the Venables-Thompson case, Journal of Law and Society 27(3): 416–448.

Hayton, R. 2012. Fixing broken Britain, in T. Hepple and D. Seawright (eds) Cameron and the Conservatives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 136–148.

HM Government. 2013. Serious and organised crime strategy, CM 8715. The Stationery Office, London.

Home Office. 1991. Safer communities: the local delivery of crime prevention through the part­nership approach. Home Office, London.

Home Office. 2011. Ending gang and youth violence: a cross-government report. Home Office, London.

Home Office. 2012. Putting victims first: more effective responses to anti-social behaviour, Cm. 8376. The Stationery Office, London.

Home Office. 2014. Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: reform of anti-social behaviour powers. statutory guidance for frontline professionals. Home Office, London.

Home Office/ACPO. 2007. National CCTV strategy. Home Office, London.

Hope, T. 2001. Crime victimisation and inequality in risk society, in R. Matthews and J. Pitts (eds) Crime, Disorder and Community Safety. London: Routledge, pp. 193–218.

Hope, T. 2005. The new local governance of community safety in England and Wales, Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 47(2): 369–388.

Hubbard, P. 2004. Cleansing the metropolis: sex work and the politics of zero tolerance, Urban Studies 41(9): 1687–1702.

Hughes, G. 1994. Talking cop shop? A case-study of police community consultative groups in transition, Policing and Society 4(3): 253–270.

Hughes, G. 1998. Understanding Crime Prevention. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Hughes, G. 2002. The shifting sands of crime prevention and community safety, in G. Hughes,

E. McLaughlin and J. Muncie (eds) Crime Prevention and Community Safety: New Directions. London: Sage, pp. 1–10.

Hughes, G. and Rowe, M. 2007. Neighbourhood policing and community safety: researching the instabilities of the local governance of crime, disorder and security in contemporary UK, Criminology and Criminal Justice 7(4): 317–346.

Husband, C. and Alam, Y. 2011. Social Cohesion and Counter-Terrorism: A Policy Contradiction? Bristol: Policy Press.

Innes, M. 2004. Signal crimes and signal disorders: notes on deviance as communicative action, British Journal of Sociology 55(3): 335–355.

Jacobson, J., Millie, A. and Hough, M. 2005. Tackling anti-social behaviour: a critical review. Institute for Criminal Policy Research, School of Law, King’s College, London.

Jones, O. 2011. Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class. London: Verso.

Jones, T., MacLean, B. and Young, J. 1986. The Islington Crime Survey: Crime, Victimization and Policing in Inner-City London. Aldershot: Gower.

Jones, T. and Newburn, T. 2001. Widening access: improving police relations with hard to reach groups. Police Research Series Paper 138, Home Office Police Research Group, London.

Joyce, R. 2012. Tax and benefit reforms due in 2012–13, and the outlook for household incomes. IFS Briefing Note BN126, London.

Kelly, P. 2003. Growing up as risky business? Risks, surveillance and the institutionalized mis­trust of youth, Journal of Youth Studies 6(2): 165–180.

Kinsey, R. 1984. Merseyside crime survey: 1st report. Merseyside County Council, Liverpool. Koffman, L. 1996. Crime Surveys and Victims of Crime. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Lacey, N. and Zedner, L. 1995. Discourses of community in criminal justice, Journal of Law and Society 22(3): 301–325.

Lacey, N. and Zedner, L. 2000. ‘Community’ and governance: a cultural comparison, in S. Karstedt and K. Bussman (eds) Social Dynamics of Crime and Control. Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 157–169.

Lea, J. and Young, J. 1984. What is to be Done about Law and Order? Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Levitas, R. 1996. The concept of social exclusion and the new Durkheimian hegemony, Critical Social Policy 16(46): 5–20.

Levitas, R. 2012. There may be ‘trouble’ ahead: what we know about those 120,000 ‘troubled’ families. ESRC Policy Response Series, No. 3.

Liberty. 2015. Campaigning against: Public Space Protection Orders, available at: www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/campaigning/public-space-protection-orders-0.

Liddle, A.M. and Gelsthorpe, L.R. 1994. Inter-agency crime prevention: organising local delivery. Home Office Crime Prevention Unit Paper 52, Home Office, London.

Loveday, B. 1994. Government strategies for community crime prevention programmes in England and Wales: a study in failure? International Journal of the Sociology of Law 22(3): 181–202.

Loveday, B. 2006. The police and community safety, in P. Squires (ed.) Community Safety: Crit­ical Perspectives on Policy and Practice. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 111–124.

McCahill, M. 2002. The Surveillance Web: The Rise of Visual Surveillance in an English City. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

McCarthy, D. and O’Neill, M. 2014. The police and partnership working: reflections on recent research, Policing 8(3): 243–253.

McCulloch, J. and Pickering, S. 2009. Pre-crime and counter-terrorism imagining future crime in the ‘war on terror’, British Journal of Criminology 49(5): 628–645.

McLaughlin, E. 1991. Police accountability and black people: into the 1990s, in E. Cashmore and E. McLaughlin (eds) Out of Order: Policing Black People. London: Routledge, pp. 109–133.

Maguire, M. and John, T. 2006. Intelligence-led policing, managerialism and community engagement, Policing and Society 16(1): 67–85.

May, T. 2011. Riots: Theresa May’s speech on 11 August 2011, available at: www.gov.uk/gov-ernment/speeches/riots-theresa-mays-speech-on-11-august-2011.

Millie, A. 2008. Anti-social behaviour, behavioural expectations and an urban aesthetic, British Journal of Criminology 48(3): 379–394.

Millie, A., Jacobson, J., McDonald, E. and Hough, M. 2005. Anti-Social Behaviour Strategies: Finding a Balance. London: Institute for Crime Policy Research and Joseph Rowntree Founda­tion.

Mooney, J. 2000. Revealing the hidden figure of domestic violence, in C. Itzin and J. Hamner (eds) Domestic Violence: Home Truths. London, Routledge, pp. 24–43.

Morgan, R. 2007. What’s the problem? New Law Journal 157(7262).

Naughton, M. 2005. ‘Evidence-based policy’ and the government of the criminal justice system: only if the evidence fits! Critical Social Policy 25(1): 47–69.

Newburn, T. 2011. Policing youth anti-social behaviour and crime: time for reform, Journal of Children’s Services 6(2): 96–105.

Nixon, J. and Parr, S. 2006. Anti-social behaviour: voices from the front line, in J. Flint (ed.) Housing, Urban Governance and Anti-Social Behaviour: Perspectives, Policies and Practice. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 79–98.

Nixon, J., Pawson, H. and Sosenko, P. 2010. Rolling out anti-social behaviour families projects in England and Scotland: analysing the rhetoric and practice of policy transfer, Social Policy and Administration 44(3): 305–325.

Norfolk, A. 2011. Revealed: conspiracy of silence on UK sex gangs, The Times, 5 January. Norris, C., Moran, J. and Armstrong, G. (eds). 1998. Surveillance, Closed Circuit Television, and Social Control. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Osmond, C. 2010. Anti-social behaviour and its surveillant inter-assemblage, Surveillance and Society 7(3/4): 325–343.

Painter, K. and Tilley, N. (eds). 1999. Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention (Vol. 10). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Parr, S. 2009. Confronting the reality of anti-social behaviour, Theoretical Criminology 13(3): 363–381.

Parr, S. 2011. Family policy and the governance of anti-social behaviour in the UK: women’s experiences of intensive family support, Journal of Social Policy 40(4): 717–737.

Parr, S. 2012. Intensive family casework with ‘problem families’: past and present, Family Science 2(4): 240–249.

Parr, S. and Nixon, J. 2008. Rationalising family intervention projects, in P. Squires (ed.) ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of Nuisance. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 161–178.

Phoenix, J. 2009. Beyond risk assessment: the return of repressive welfarism, in R. McNeil and

M. Barry (eds) Youth Offending and Youth Justice: Research Highlights in Social Work. London: Jessica Kingsley, pp. 112–131.

Pitts, J. 2003. The New Politics of Youth Crime. Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing.

Piven, F.F. and Cloward, R. 1972. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare. New York: Vintage Books.

Pratt, J. 1989. Corporatism: the third model of juvenile justice, British Journal of Criminology 29 (3): 236–254.

Public Accounts Committee. 2014. Programmes to help families facing multiple challenges: fifty-first report of session 2013–14, HC 668. The Stationery Office, London.

Rentoul, J. 1987. The Rich get Richer: The Growth of Inequality in Britain in the 1980s. London: Unwin.

Rodger, J. 2008. Criminalising Social Policy: Anti-Social Behaviour and Welfare in a De-civilised Society. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Rose, N. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sampson, A. and Phillips, C. 1992. Multiple victimisation: racial attacks on an east London estate. Crime Prevention Unit Series, Paper No. 36, Home Office, London.

Sampson, A., Stubbs, P., Smith, D., Pearson, G. and Blagg, H. 1988. Crime, localities and the multi-agency approach, British Journal of Criminology 28(4): 478–493.

Scarman, L. 1981. The Brixton Disorders 10–12 April 1981, Cmnd 8427. Her Majesty’s Station­ery Office, London.

Schur, E. 1973. Radical Non-Intervention: Rethinking the Delinquency Problem. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Simester, A.P. and von Hirsch, A. 2006. Regulating offensive conduct through two-step prohi­bitions, in A. von Hirsch and A.P. Simester (eds) Incivilities: Regulating Offensive Behaviour. Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 173–194.

Slater, T. 2014. The myth of ‘Broken Britain’: welfare reform and the production of ignorance, Antipode 46(4): 948–969.

Smith, N. 1996. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge.

Spalek, B. and Lambert, R. 2008. Muslim communities, counter-terrorism and counter radicali­sation: as critical reflective approach to engagement, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 36: 257–270.

Squires, P. 1990. Anti-Social Policy: Welfare, Ideology and the Disciplinary State. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester/Wheatsheaf Books.

Squires, P. 1997. Criminology and the ‘community safety’ paradigm: safety, power and success and the limits of the local. British Society for Criminology Annual Conference Proceedings, available at: www.britsoccrim.org/volume-2/.

Squires, P. 2006. Contradictions and dilemmas: the rise and fall of community safety, in P. Squires (ed.) Community Safety: Critical Perspectives on Policy and Practice. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 237–248.

Squires, P. 2008. Why ASB? in P. Squires (ed.) ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of Nuisance. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 1–33.

Squires, P. 2014a. Gun Crime in Global Contexts. Oxford: Routledge.

Squires, P. 2014b. The ups and downs of youth justice, in H. Bochel and G. Daly (eds) Social Policy, 3rd edition. Harlow: Pearson Education, pp. 323–248.

Squires, P. 2016. Voodoo liability: joint enterprise prosecution as an aspect of intensified crimi­nalisation, O–ati Socio-legal Series 6(4) [forthcoming, available online].

Squires, P. and Stephen, D. 2005. Rougher Justice: Young People and Anti-Social Behaviour. Cul­lompton: Willan Publishing.

Squires, P. and Stephen, D. 2010. Pre-crime and precautionary criminalisation, Criminal Justice Matters 81(1): 28–29.

Stephen, D.E. and Squires, P. 2004. ‘They’re still children and entitled to be children’: problem-atising the institutionalised mistrust of marginalised youth in Britain, Journal of Youth Studies 7(3): 351–369.

Stoker, G. 2004. Transforming Local Governance: From Thatcherism to New Labour. London: Palgrave. Tilley, N. 1993. Understanding car parks, crime, and CCTV: evaluation lessons from safer cities.

Police Research Department, Home Office, London.

Tilley, N. 2001. Evaluation and evidence-led crime reduction policy and practice, in R. Mat­thews and J. Pitts (eds) Crime, Disorder and Community Safety: A New Agenda? London: Routledge, pp. 81–97.

Tonry, M. 2004. Punishment and Politics: Evidence and Emulation in the Making of English Crime Control Policy. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Tonry, M. 2010. Rebalancing the criminal justice system in favour of the victim: the costly con­sequences of populist rhetoric, in A. Bottoms and J. Roberts (eds) Hearing the Victim: Adversar­ial Justice, Crime Victims and the State. Oxford: Routledge, pp. 72–103.

Travis, A. and Stratton, A. 2011. David Cameron’s solution for broken Britain: tough love and tougher policing, Guardian, 16 August.

Tyler, I. 2013. Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neoliberal Britain. London: Zed Books.

Wacquant, L. 2009. Punishing the Poor: The Neo-liberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Waples, S., Gill, M. and Fisher, P. 2009. Does CCTV displace crime? Criminology and Criminal Justice 9(2): 207–224.

Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. 2006. CCTV and street lighting: comparative effects on crime, in A. Perry, C. McDougall and D. Farrington (eds) Reducing Crime: The Effectiveness of Criminal Justice Interventions. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 95–114.

Welsh, B.P. and Farrington, D.C. 2008. Effects of improved street lighting on crime: a system­atic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 4(13).

Williams, P. and Clarke, B. 2016. Dangerous associations: joint enterprise, gangs and racism. Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, London.

Wilson, J. and Kelling, G. 1982. Broken windows: the police and neighborhood safety, Atlantic Monthly 249: 29–38.

Zedner, L. 2009. Fixing the future? The pre-emptive turn in criminal justice, in S. Bronnit, B. McSherry and A. Norrie (eds) Regulating Deviance: The Redirection of Criminalisation and the Futures of Criminal Law. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing, pp. 35–58.

مراجع الفصل الرابع

Aos, S., Barnoski, R., & Lieb, R. (1998). Preventive programs for young offenders effective and cost-effective. Overcrowded Times, 9(2), 1–11.

Barnett, W. S. (1993). Benefit–cost analysis of preschool education: Findings from a 25 year fol­low-up. American Journal Orthopsychiatry, 63(4), 500–508.

Boisjoli, R., Vitaro, F., Lacourse, E., Barker, E. D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). Impact and clini­cal significance of a preventive intervention for disruptive boys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 415–419.

Bor, W., Najman, J. M., O’Callaghan, M., Williams, G. M., & Anstey, K. (2001). Aggression and the development of delinquent behaviour in children. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology.

Brooks-Gunn, J., Fuligni, A. S., & Berlin, L. J. (2003). Early child development in the 21st century: Profiles of current research initiatives. New York; London: Teachers College Press.

Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(2), 851–854.

Coie, J. D., & Miller-Johnson, S. (2001). Peer factors and interventions. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development, intervention, and service needs (pp. 191–210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Commission on Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health: Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2011). The effects of the Fast Track preventive intervention on the development of conduct disorder across childhood. Child Development, 82(1), 331–345.

Cullen, F. (1994). Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11, 527–559.

Dalziel, K. M., Halliday, D., & Segal, L. (2015). Assessment of the cost–benefit literature on early childhood education for vulnerable children: What the findings mean for policy. SAGE Open, 5(1), 1–14.

Developmental Crime Prevention Consortium. (1999). Pathways to prevention: Developmental and early intervention approaches to crime in Australia. Brisbane: National Crime Prevention: Com­monwealth Attorney-General’s Department. www.researchgate.net/publication/304737856_ Pathways_to_Prevention_Developmental_and_Early_Intervention_Approaches_to_Crime_in_ Australia_Main_Report.

Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behaviour. American Psychologist, 54(9), 755–764.

Dodge, K. A., & McCourt, S. N. (2010). Translating models of antisocial behavioral develop­ment into efficacious intervention policy to prevent adolescent violence. Developmental Psycho-biology, 52(3), 277–285.

Eckenrode, J., Campa, M., Luckey, D. W., Henderson Jr, C. R., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., Powers, J., & Olds, D. (2010). Long term effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on the life course of youths: 19 year follow-up of a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164(1), 9–15.

Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12.

Fahey, A., & Carr, A. (2002). Prevention of adjustment difficulties in children with sensory impairments. In A. Carr (Ed.), Prevention: What works with children and adolescents? A critical review of psychological prevention programmes for children, adolescents and their families (pp. 83–106). Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge.Farrington, D. P. (2000). Explaining and preventing crime: The globalization of knowledge –The American Society of Criminology 1999 Presidential Address. Criminology, 38(1), 1–24.

Farrington, D. P. (2007). Childhood risk factors and risk-focussed prevention. In M. Maguire,

R. Morgan, & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of criminology (4 ed. pp. 602–640). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2002). Family-based crime prevention. In L. W. Sherman,

D. P. Farrington, B. C. Welsh, & D. Layton MacKenzie (Eds.), Evidence-based crime prevention (pp. 22–55). London: Routledge.

Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2003). Family-based prevention of offending: A meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36(2), 127–151.

Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2007). Saving children from a life of crime: Early risk factors and effective interventions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Farrington, D. P., Ttofi, M. M., & Piquero, A. R. (2016). Risk, promotive, and protective factors in youth offending: Results from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 63–70.

France, A., Freiberg, K., & Homel, R. (2010). Beyond risk factors: Towards a holistic preven­tion paradigm for children and young people. British Journal of Social Work, 40(4), 1192–1210. Freiberg, K., Homel, R., Batchelor, S., Carr, A., Hay, I., Elias, G., Teague, R., & Lamb, C.

(2005). Creating pathways to participation: A community-based developmental prevention project in Australia. Children and Society, 19: 144–157.

Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. (1950). Unravelling juvenile delinquency. London: Oxford University Press

Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni­versity Press.

Greenwood, P. (2008). Prevention and intervention programs for juvenile offenders. Future of Children, 18(2), 185–210.

Hawkins, D. J., Catalano, R. F., Morrison, D. M., O’Donnell, J., Abbott, R. D., & Day, L. E. (1992). The Seattle Social Development Project: Effects of the first four years on protective factors and problem behaviours. In J. McCord & R. E. Tremblay (Eds.), Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth through adolescence (pp. 139–161). New York: Guilford Press

Hawkins, D. J., Herrenkohl, T. I., Farrington, D. P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R., & Harachi, T. W. (1998). A review of predictors of youth violence. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 106–146). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Hawkins, D. J., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2005). Promot­ing positive adult functioning through social development intervention in childhood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 25–31.

Hawkins, D. J., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2008). Effects of social development intervention in childhood 15 years later. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 162(12), 1133–1141.

Hawkins, D. J., Von Cleve, E., & Catalano, R. F. (1991). Reducing early childhood aggression: Results of a primary prevention program. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 208–217.

Hawkins, J. D., Oesterle, S., Brown, E. C., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2014). Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the communities that care prevention system: A community-randomized trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(2), 122–129.

Heckman, J. J., Hyeok Moon, S., Pinto, R., Savelyez, P. A., & Yavitz, A. (2010). The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool program. Journal of Public Economics, 94, 114–128.

Homel, R. (1990). High speed police pursuits in Perth: Report to the Police Dept of Western Australia. WA Police Department, Perth.

Homel, R. (2005). The puzzles and paradoxes of youth crime prevention. Safer Society, 27(winter), 2–4. London: NACRO (the crime reduction charity).

Homel, R., Bumbarger, B., Freiberg, K., & Branch, S. (in press, 2016). Sustaining crime preven­tion at scale: Transforming delivery systems through prevention science. In B. Teasdale & M. Bradley (Eds.), Preventing crime and violence: Volume 2 of Advancing Prevention Science. New York: Springer.

Homel, R., Freiberg, K., & Branch, S. (2015). CREATE-ing capacity to take developmental crime prevention to scale: A community-based approach within a national framework. Austral­ian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 48(3), 367–385.

Huizinga, D., & Jakob-Chien, C. (1998). The contemporaneous co-occurrence of serious and violent juvenile offending and other problem behaviours. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 47–67). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Inter-Agency Commission. (1990). World declaration on Education for All and framework for action to meet basic learning needs. New York: Inter-Agency Commission for the World Conference on Education for All.

Joliffe, D., Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. (2016). Protective factors for violence: Results from the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 32–40.

Karoly, L. A., Greenwood, P. W., Everingham, S. S., Hoube, J., Kilburn, M. R., Rydell, C. P., Sanders, M., & Chiesa, J. (1998). Investing in Our Children: What we know and don’t know about the costs and benefits of early childhood interventions. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Kusche, C. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (1994). The PATHS curriculum. Seattle, WA: Developmental Research and Programs.

Lally, R. J., Mangione, P. L., & Honig, A. S. (1988). The Syracuse University Family Develop­ment Research Program: Long-range impact on an early intervention with low-income chil­dren and their families. In D. R. Powell (Ed.), Parent education as early childhood intervention: Emerging directions in theory, research and practice (Vol. 3, pp. 79–104). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub­lishing Corporation.

Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Lee, S., Aos, S., & Pennucci, A. (2015). What works and what does not? Benefit–cost findings from WSIPP (Doc. No 15-02-4101). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.

Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and theories of human development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (1998). Never too early, never too late: Risk factors and suc­cessful interventions for serious and violent juvenile offenders. Studies on Crime and Crime Pre­vention, 7(1), 7–30.

Manning, M., Homel, R., & Smith, C. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effects of early develop­mental prevention programs in at-risk populations on non-health outcomes in adolescence. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 506–519.

Manning, M., Smith, C., & Homel, R. (2013). Valuing developmental crime prevention. Crimi­nology and Public Policy, 12(2), 305–332.

Marshall, J., & Watt, P. (1999). Child behaviour problems. Perth, Australia: Interagency Committee on Children’s Futures.

McCarthy, O., & Carr, A. (2002). Prevention of bullying. In A. Carr (Ed.), Prevention: What works with children and adolescents? A critical review of psychological prevention programmes for children, adolescents and their families (pp. 205–221). Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge.

McCord, J. (2002). Counterproductive juvenile justice. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 35(2), 230–237.

Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Olds, D. (2002). Prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses: From randomized trials to com­munity replication. Prevention Science, 3(3), 153–172.

Olds, D. (2007). Preventing crime with prenatal and infancy support of parents. Victims and Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy and Practice, 2(2), 205–225.

Olds, D., Pettitt, L. M., Robinson, J., Henderson, C., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Cole, B., & Powers, J. (1998). Reducing risks for antisocial behavior with a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation. Journal of Community Psychology, 26(1), 65–83.

Patterson, G. R., & Dishion, T. J. (1988). Multilevel family process models: Traits, interactions, and relationships. In R. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hide (Eds.), Relationships and families: Mutual influences (pp. 283–310). Oxford, UK: Clarendon.

Peel, M. (2003). The lowest rung: Voices of Australian poverty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Diamond, B., Farrington, D. P., Tremblay, R. E., Welsh,

B. C., & Gonzalez, J. M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis update on the effects of early family/ parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Crimi­nology, 12, 229–248.

Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Farrington, D. P., Diamond, B., & Gonzalez, J. M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis update on the effectiveness of early self-control improvement programs to improve self-control and reduce delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12, 249–264.

Pirani, M. (1994). High/Scope, preschool curriculum. In C. Henricson (Ed.), Crime and the family conference (p. 72). London: Family Policies Study Centre.

Ramey, S. L., & Ramey, C. T. (1998). The transition to school: Opportunities and challenges for children, families, educators, and communities. Elementary School Journal, 98(4), 293.

Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., White, B. A., Ou, S. R., & Robertson, D. L. (2011). Age 26 cost–benefit analysis of the child-parent center early education program. Child Development, 82(1), 379–404.

Robling, M., Bekkers, M. J., Bell, K., Butler, C. C., Cannings-John, R., Channon, S., Martin,

B. C., Gregory, J. W., Hood, K., Kemp, A., Kenkre, J., Montgomery, A. A., Moody, G., Owen-Jones, E., Pickett, K., Richardson, G., Roberts, Z. E. S., Ronaldson, S., Sanders, J., Samuli, E., & Torgerson, D. (2016). Effectiveness of a nurse-led intensive home-visitation programme for first-time teenage mothers (Building Blocks): A pragmatic randomised control­led trial. Lancet, 387(10014), 146–155.

Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 335–344.

Sameroff, A. (2009). Predicting developmental outcomes: Is it the child or the environment? Presentation to Regional Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway (RBUP).

Sameroff, A., & Fiese, B. (2000). Transactional regulation: The developmental ecology of early intervention. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2 ed., pp. 135–159). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sameroff, A., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A., & Baldwin, C. (1993). Stability of intelligence from pre­school to adolescence: The influence of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64, 80–97.

Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (2005). A general age-graded theory of crime: Lessons learned and the future of life-course criminology. In D. P. Farrington (Ed.), Advances in criminological theory, Volume 14: Integrated developmental and life course theories of offending. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Schweinhart, L. J. (2004). The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through age 40: Summary, conclusions, and frequently asked questions. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation

Schweinhart, L. J. (2013). Long-term follow-up of a preschool experiment. Journal of Experi­mental Criminology, 9, 389–409.

Shonkoff, J. P., & Meisels, S. J. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of early childhood intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (Eds.). (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Shonkoff, J. P., Richter, L., van der Gaag, J., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2012). An integrated scientific framework for child survival and early childhood development. Pediatrics, 129(2), e460–e472. Spoth, R., Rohrbach, L. A., Greenberg, M., Leaf, P., Brown, C. H., Fagan, A., Catalano, R. F.,

Pentz, M. A., Sloboda, Z., & Hawkins, J. D. (2013). Addressing core challenges for the next generation of type 2 translation research and systems: The translation science to population impact (TSci Impact) framework. Prevention Science, 14(4), 319–351.

Stewart-Brown, S. (1998). Public health implications of childhood behaviour problems and parenting programmes. In A. Buchanan & B. L. Hudson (Eds.), Parenting, schooling and chil-dren’s behaviour (pp. 21–33). Sydney, Australia: Ashgate.

Susser, M. (1998). Does risk factor put epidemiology at risk? Peering into the future. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52(10), 608.

Swanston, H., Parkinson, P., O’Toole, B., Plunkett, A., Shrimpton, S., & Pates, K. (2003). Juvenile crime, aggression and delinquency after sexual abuse. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 729–749.

Tremblay, R. E., & Craig, W. M. (1995). Developmental crime prevention. In D. P. Farrington (Ed.), Strategic approaches to crime prevention: Building a safer society (pp. 151–235). Chicago: Uni­versity of Chicago Press.

Tremblay, R. E., Pagani-Kurtz, L., Masse, L. C., Vitaro, F., & Pihl, R. O. (1995). A bimodal preventive intervention for disruptive kindergarten boys: Its impact through mid-adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 560–568.

Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., & DeLisi, M. (2016). Protective factors against offending and violence: Results from prospective longitudinal studies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 1–3.

UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action: Education for All: Meeting our collective commit­ments: Including six regional frameworks for action. Paris: UNESCO.

United Nations. (2010). Millennium Development Goals Report: United Nations summit on the Mil­lennium Development Goals. New York: United Nations.

Vitaro, F., Brengden, M., Giguere, C.-E., & Tremblay, R. E. (2013). Early prevention of life-course personal and property violence: A 19 yr follow-up of the Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study (MLES). Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9, 411–427.

Walsh, K., Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., & Shlonsky, A. (2015). School-based education pro­grammes for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004380. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004380.pub3.

Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). The benefits and costs of early prevention compared with imprisonment: Toward evidence-based policy. Prison Journal, 91(3), 120S–137S.

Wheatley, J. (1999, February 13). Before that night in June . . ., Sydney Morning Herald Good Weekend, pp. 14–21.

Wickstršm, P.-O. H., & Loeber, R. (2000). Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents. Criminology, 38(4), 1109–1142.

Wikstršm, P.-O. H., & Treiber, K. (2015). Situational theory: The importance of interactions and action mechanisms in the explanation of crime. In Alex Piquero (Ed.), The handbook of criminological theory (1 ed., pp. 415–444). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Wyn, J. (2006). Youth transitions to work and further education in Australia. In J. Chapman, P. Cartwright, & J. McGilp (Eds.), Lifelong learning, participation and equity (pp. 217–242). Dor-drecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Zimmerman, M. A., Stoddard, S. A., Eisman, A. B., Caldwell, C. H., Aiyer, S. M., & Miller, A. (2013). Adolescent resilience: Promotive factors that inform prevention. Child Development Per­spectives, 7(4), 215–220.

مراجع الفصل الخامس

Alderson, J. (1979) Policing Freedom: A Commentary on the Dilemmas of Policing in Western Societies. Plymouth: Macdonald & Evans Ltd.

Bell, C. and Newby, H. (1971) Community Studies. London: Unwin.

Bennett, T. (1989) Factors Related to Participation in Neighbourhood Watch Schemes. British Journal of Criminology 29 (3) 207–218.

Bennett, T. (1990) Evaluating Neighbourhood Watch. Aldershot: Gower.

Bennett, T. (1998) Police and Public Involvement in the Delivery of Community Policing. In: J.-P. Brodeur (ed.), How to Recognise Good Policing. London: Sage, pp. 107–122.

Bennett, T., Holloway, K. and Farrington, D. (2008) The Effectiveness of Neighbourhood Watch in Reducing Crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 2008 18. Available at: www.camp-bellcollaboration.org/ (17 November 2016).

Brogden, M. and Nijhar, P. (2005) Community Policing: National and International Models and Approaches. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Buerger, M. (1994) A Tale of Two Targets: Limitations of Community Anticrime Actions. Crime and Delinquency 40 (3) 411–436.

Bullock, K. (2014) Citizens, Community and Crime Control. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bullock, K. and Leeney, D. (2013) Participation, ‘Responsivity’ and Accountability in Neigh-

bourhood Policing. Criminology and Criminal Justice 13 (2) 199–214.

Bullock, K. and Sindall, K. (2014) The Nature and Extent of Citizen Participation in Neigh­bourhood Policing. Policing and Society 24 (4) 385–404.

Bulmer, M. (1985) The Rejuvenation of Community Studies? Neighbours, Networks and Policy. Sociological Review 33 (3) 430–448.

Bulmer, M. (1986) (ed.) Neighbours: The Work of Philip Abrams. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer­sity Press.

Carr, P. (2003) The New Parochialism. American Journal of Sociology 108 (6) 1249–1291.

Clarke, R. (1980) Situational Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice. British Journal of Criminol­ogy 2 (2) 136–147.

Clarke, R. (1992) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. New York: Harrow & Heston. Clarke, R. (1997) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). New York: Harrow & Heston.

Clarke, R. and Homel, R. (1997) A Revised Classification of Situational Crime Prevention Techniques. In: S.P. Lab (ed.), Crime Prevention at a Crossroads. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson, pp. 17–77.

Clarke, R. and Hough, M. (1984) Crime and Police Effectiveness. Home Office Research Study 79, Home Office, London. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/2011021 8135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors79.pdf (5 May 2015).

Cordner, G. (1995) Community Policing: Elements and Effects. Police Forum: Academy of Crimi­nal Justice Police Science Section 5 (3) 1–16.

Crawford, A. (1999) Local Governance of Crime: Appeals to Community and Partnerships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Crow, G. and Allan, G. (1994) Community Life: An Introduction to Local Social Relations. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Daley, R. and Rodriguez, M. (1993) Together We Can: Strategic Plan for Reinventing the Chicago Police Department. Chicago Police Department, Chicago, IL. Available at: www. popcenter.org/library/unpublished/OrganizationalPlans/37_Together_We_Can.pdf (4 August 2013).

Day, G. (2006). Community and Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.

Eck, J. and Rosenbaum, D. (1994) The New Police Order: Effectiveness, Equity and Efficiency in Community Policing. In: D. Rosenbaum (ed.) The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 3–23.

Ericson, R. and Haggerty, K. (1997) Policing the Risk Society. Oxford: Clarendon.

Felson, M. and Clarke, R. (1998) Opportunity Makes the Thief: Practical Theory for Crime Prevention. Police Research Series Paper 98, Home Office, London. Available at: http:// webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/ fprs98.pdf (17 November 2016).

Fielding, N. (1994) Cop Canteen Culture. In: T. Newburn and E. Stanko (eds), Just Boys Doing Business? Men, Masculinities and Crime. London: Routledge, pp. 46–63.

Fielding, N. (2005) Concepts and Theory in Community Policing. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 44 (5) 460–472.

Fielding, J. and Fielding, N. (2013) Integrating Information from Multiple Methods in the Ana­lysis of Perceived Risk of Crime: The Role of Geo-Referenced Field Data and Mobile Methods. Journal of Criminology Article ID 284259, 13 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/284259.

Flanagan, R. (2008) The Review of Policing. Home Office, London. Available at: http://webar-chive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080910134927/police.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/ police-reform/review_of_policing_final_report/ (7 June 2015).

Fleming, J. (2005) ‘Working Together’: Neighbourhood Watch, Reassurance Policing and the Potential of Partnerships. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 303, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Available at: www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20 series/tandi/301-320/tandi303.html (5 June 2015).

Foster, J. (1995) Information Social Control and Community Crime Prevention. British Journal of Criminology 35 (4) 563–583.

Foster, J. (2002) ‘People Pieces’: The Neglected but Essential Elements of Community Crime Prevention. In: G. Hughes and A. Edwards (eds), Crime Control and Community. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 167–196.

Fyfe, N. (1995) Law and Order Policy and the Spaces of Citizenship in Contemporary Britain. Political Geography 14 (2) 177–189.

Garland, D. (1990) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Garland, D. (1996) The Limits of the Sovereign State. British Journal of Criminology 36 (4) 445–471.

Garofalo, J. and McLeod, M. (1988) Improving the Use and Effectiveness of Neighborhood Watch Programs. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC. Available at: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/108618NCJRS.pdf (17 November 2016).

Goldstein, H. (1990) Problem Oriented Policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Goldstein, J. (1960). Police Discretion not to Invoke the Criminal Process: Low Visibility Deci­sions in the Administration of Justice. Yale Law Journal 69 (4) 543–594.

Greene, J. (2000) Community Policing in America: Changing the Nature, Structure, and Func­tion of the Police. Policies, Processes, and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System 3 299–370. Available at: www.ncjrs.gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_3/03g.pdf (7 June 2015).

Gresham, P., Grainger, E., Stockdale, J., Woodhead, D.C. and Shermer, D. (2004) Keeping Watch: Report to the Home Office, Crime Strategy and Resources Unit, on the Neighbour­hood Watch Development Project. Crime Strategy and Resources Unit, Home Office, London.

Grinc, R. (1994) ‘Angels in Marble’: Problems in Stimulating Community Involvement in Community Policing. Crime and Delinquency 40 (3) 437–468.

Henig, J. (1984) Citizens Against Crime: An Assessment of the Neighbourhood Watch Pro­gramme in Washington D.C. Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Washington Area Studies George Washington University. Available at: www.popcenter.org/library/scp/pdf/85-Henig. pdf (5 June 2015).

Herbert, S. (2001) Policing the Contemporary City: Fixing Broken Windows or Shoring up Neo-Liberalism? Theoretical Criminology 5 (4) 445–466.

Herbert, S. (2005) The Trapdoor of Community. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (4) 850–865.

Herbert, S. (2006a) Tangled up in Blue Conflicting Paths to Police Legitimacy. Theoretical Crimi­nology 10(4) 481–504.

Herbert, S. (2006b) Citizens, Cops, and Power: Recognizing the Limits of Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Hope, T. (1995) Community Crime Prevention. In: M. Tonry and D. Farrington (eds), Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention (Crime and Justice), Vol. 19. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 21–89.

Hope, T. (2001) Community Crime Prevention in Britain: A Strategic Overview. Criminology and Criminal Justice 1 (4) 421–439.

Hornqvist, M. (2014) The Fluid Legitimacy of the Husby Riots. Criminology in Europe 13 (1) 4–7.

Hughes, G. and Rowe, M. (2007) Neighbourhood Policing and Community Safety. Criminology and Criminal Justice 7 (4) 317–346.

Husain, S. (1988) Neighbourhood Watch in England and Wales: A Locational Analysis. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 12, Home Office, London.

Innes, M. (2004) Signal Crimes and Signal Disorders: Notes on Deviance as Communicative Action. British Journal of Sociology 55 (3) 335–355.

Innes, M. and Fielding, N.G. (2002) From Community to Communicative Policing: ‘Signal Crimes’ and the Problem of Public Reassurance. Sociological Research Online 7 (2).

Irving, B. and Dixon, B. (2002) Hotspotting. London: Police Foundation.

Kelling, G. and Moore, M. (1988) The Evolving Strategy of Policing, Perspectives on Policing number 4. U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

Kelling, G., Pate, A., Dieckman, D. and Brown, C. (1974) The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: Technical Report. Police Foundation, Washington, DC.

Kemp, C., Norris, C. and Fielding, N. (1992) Negotiating Nothing: Police Decision-Making in Dis­putes. Farnborough: Avebury.

Kerley, K. and Benson, M. (2000) Does Community-Oriented Policing help build Stronger Communities? Police Quarterly 3 (1) 46–69.

Lavrakas, P. and Herz, E. (1982) Citizen Participation in Neighborhood Crime Prevention. Criminology 20 (3&4) 479–498.

Laycock, G. and Tilley, N. (1995) Policing and Neighbourhood Watch: Strategic Issues. Police Research Group Crime Detection and Prevention Series Paper no. 60, Home Office, London. Available at www.popcenter.org/problems/credit_card_fraud/PDFs/Laycock_Tilley_1995.pdf (17 November 2016).

Lurigio, A.J. and Rosenbaum, D.P. (1994) The Impact of Community Policing on Police Per­sonnel: A Review of the Literature. In: D.P. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 147–166.

McConville, M. and Shepherd, D. (1992) Watching Police, Watching Communities. London: Routledge.

Mackenzie, S. and Henry, A. (2009) Community Policing: A Review of the Evidence. Scottish Government Social Research, Edinburgh. Available at: www.gov.scot/resource/doc/292465/ 0090209.pdf (17 April 2015).

Manning, P. (1977) Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Myhill, A. (2012) [2006] Community Engagement in Policing: Lessons from the Literature. NPIA, London. Available at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/ Community_engagement_lessons.pdf (19 April 2015).

Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan.

Oettmeier, T.N. and Wycoff, M.A. (1998) Personnel Performance Evaluations in the Com­munity Policing Context. In: T. O’Connor Shelly and A.C. Grant (eds), Problem-Oriented Policing: Crime-Specific Patterns, Critical Issues, and making POP Work. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, pp. 57–77.

Parfrement-Hopkins, J. (2010) Policing and Community Engagement. In: M. Scribbins and J. Flatley (eds), Public Perceptions of Policing, Engagement with the Police and Victimisation: Findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey. Supplementary Volume 1 to Crime in England and Wales 2009/10, Home Office Statistical Bulletin 19/10, Home Office, London. Available at: www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/ police-research/hosb1910/hosb1910?view=Binary (7 June 2015).

Pate, T., Ferrara, A., Bowers, R. and Lorence, J. (1976) Police Response Time: Its Determinants and Effects. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. London: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.

Quinton, P. and Morris, J. (2008) Neighbourhood Policing: The Impact of Piloting and Early National Implementation. Home Office Online Report 01/08, Home Office, London. Avail­able at: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs08/rdsolr0108.pdf (7 June 2015).

Reiner, R. (1991) Chief Constables: Bobbies, Bosses or Bureaucrats? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Reiner, R. (2000) Politics of the Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rosenbaum, D. (1987) The Theory and Research behind Neighbourhood Watch: Is it a Sound Fear and Crime Reduction Strategy? Crime and Delinquency 35 (1) 105–134.

Rosenbaum, D. (1988) Community Crime Prevention: A Review and Synthesis of the Liter­ature. Justice Quarterly 5 (3) 323–395.

Rosenbaum, D.P. and Lurigio, A.J. (1994) An Inside Look at Community Policing Reform: Definitions, Organizational Change, and Evaluation Findings. Crime and Delinquency 40 (3) 299–314.

Sadd, S. and Grinc, R. (1994) Innovative Neighbourhood Oriented Policing: An Evaluation of Community Policing Programmes in Eight Cities. In: D. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 147–166.

Scarman, L. (1981) The Brixton Disorders 10–12 April 1981. Cmnd 8427. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Shaw, C.R. and McKay, H.D. (1931) Social Factors in Juvenile Delinquency, Vol. 2, No. 13. Wash­ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Shaw, C.R. and McKay, H.D. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago, IL: Univer­sity of Chicago Press.

Sherman, L., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S. (1998) Pre­venting Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC. Available at: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/171676.PDF (19 April 2015).

Sklansky, D. (2005) Police and Democracy. Michigan Law Review 103 (7) 1699–1830.

Skogan, W. (1989) Communities, Crime and Neighbourhood Organisation. Crime and Delin­quency 35 (3) 437–457.

Skogan, W. (1994) The Impact of Community Policing on Neighbourhood Residents: A Cross Site Analysis. In: D. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Prom­ises. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 167–181.

Skogan, W. (1995) Community Participation and Community Policing. Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Available at: www.ipr.northwestern.edu/ publications/policing_papers/caps4.pdf (17 November 2016).

Skogan, W. (2008) An Overview of Community Policing: Origins, Concepts and Implementa­tion. In: T. Williamson (ed.), The Handbook of Knowledge-Based Policing. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 43–57.

Skogan, W. and Steiner, L. (2004) CAPS at Ten Community Policing in Chicago: An Evalu­ation of Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategy. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Services, Chicago, IL. Available at: www.ipr.northwestern.edu/publications/policing_papers/Yr10-CAPSeval.pdf (14 August 2012).

Skolnick, J.H. (1966) Justice without Trial: Law Enforcement in Democratic Society. New York: Mac­millan.

Tonnies, C. (and C.P. Loomis, ed.) (1957) Community and Society. North Chelmsford MA: Courier Corporation.

Tuffin, R., Morris, J. and Poole, A. (2006) An Evaluation of the Impact of the National Reas­surance Policing Programme. Home Office Research Study 296, Home Office, London. Available at: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/hors296.pdf (17 November 2016).

Von Hirsch, A., Garland, D. and Wakefield, A. (eds) (2000) Ethical and Social Issues in Situational Crime Prevention. Oxford: Hart.

Webb, J. (1994) Neighbourhood Concern Groups: Daring to Care in the Inner City. Unpub­lished Thesis, The Safer Communities Project St Ann’s, Nottingham.

Weisburd, D., Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Bennett, T. and Telep, C. (2012) Community-Oriented Policing to Reduce Crime, Disorder and Fear and Increase Legitimacy and Citizen Satisfaction in Neighborhoods. Available at: www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/project/202/ (5 June 2015).

White, J. (1983) Police and People in London in the 1930s. Oral History 11 (2) 34–41.

Wortley, R. (2010) Critiques of Situational Crime Prevention. In B. Fisher and S. Lab (eds), Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 884–886.

مراجع الفصل السادس

Armitage, R. and Smithson, H. (2007) “Alley-gating Revisited: The Sustainability of Residents” Satisfac-tion?” Internet Journal of Criminology, 2007, 1–38.

Ayres, I. and Levitt, S.D. (1998) “Measuring Positive Externalities From Unobservable Victim Precaution: An Empirical Analysis”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(1), 43–77.

Bandura, A. (1976) “Social Learning Analysis of Aggression”. In E. Ribes-Inesta and A. Bandura (Eds) Analysis of Delinquency and Aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Barr, R. and Pease, K. (1990) “Crime Placement, Displacement And Deflection”. In M. Tonry and N. Mor-ris (Eds) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 12. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Bennett, T., Farrington, D. and Holloway, K. (2008) “The Effectiveness of Neighbourhood Watch: A Sys-tematic Review”. Campbell Systematic Reviews.

Bichler, G. and Malm, A. (2015) Disrupting Criminal Networks: Network Analysis in Crime Preven¬tion. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 28. Boulder, CO: First Forum Press (division of Lynne Rienner Publish-ers, Inc.).

Blakely, E.J. and Snyder, M.G. (1998) “Separate Places: Crime and Security in Gated Com-munities”. In M. Felson and R. Peiser (Eds) Reducing Crime through Real Estate Development and Management. Wash-ington, DC: Urban Land Institute.

Bourne, M.G. and Cooke, R.C. (1993) “Victoria’s Speed Camera Programme”. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.) Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 1. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Bowers, K.J. and Johnson, S. (2003) “Measuring the Geographical Displacement and Diffusion of Benefit Effects of Crime Prevention Activity”. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19(3), 275–301.

Bowers, K.J. and Johnson, S. (2016) “Situational Crime Prevention”. In D.P. Farrington and D. Weisburd (Eds) What Works in Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation: Lessons from Systematic Reviews. New York: Springer.

Bowers, K.J., Johnson, S. and Hirschfield, A. (2004) “Closing off Opportunities for Crime: An Evaluation of Alley-Gating”. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 10(4), 283–308.

Brantingham, P.L. and Brantingham, P.J. (1993) “Environment, Routine and Situation: Toward a Pattern Theory of Crime”. In R.V. Clarke and M. Felson (Eds) Routine Activity and Rational Choice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.

Brantingham, P.L. and Brantingham, P.J. (2012) “Situating Situational Crime Prevention: Anchoring a Politically Palatable Strategy”. In N. Tilley and G. Farrell (Eds) The Reasoning Criminologist: Essays in Honour of Ronald V. Clarke. Crime Science Series. London: Routledge.

Brown, R. (1995) “The Nature and Extent of Heavy Goods Vehicle Theft”. Crime Detection and Preven-tion Series, Paper 66. Police Research Group, Home Office, London.

Brown, R. (2015) “Reviewing the Effectiveness of Electronic Vehicle Immobilisation: Evidence from Four Countries”. Security Journal, 28, 329–351.

Bullock, K., Clarke, R.V. and Tilley, N. (Eds) (2010) Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes. Cullomp-ton: Willan Publishing.

Butterfield, F. (2002) “Suit Against Gun Makers Gains Ground”. New York Times, 3 January, p. A16.

Chaiken, J.M., Lawless, M.W. and Stevenson, K.A. (1974) The Impact of Police Activity on Crime: Robberies on the New York City Subway System. Report No. R-1424-N.Y.C. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

Clarke, R.V. (1980) “Situational Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice”. British Journal of Criminology, 20, 136–147.

Clarke, R.V. (1982) “Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Scope”. In M. Tonry and N. Morris (Eds) Crime and Justice, Vol. 4. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, R.V. (1990) “Deterring Obscene Phone Callers: Preliminary Results of the New Jersey Experience”. Security Journal, 1, 143–148.

Clarke, R.V. (1992) “Introduction”. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. Guilderland, NY: Harrow & Heston.

Clarke, R.V. (1995) “Situational Crime Prevention”. In M. Tonry and D. Farrington (Eds) Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 19. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, R.V. (Ed.) (1997) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Clarke, R.V. (1999) “Hot Products: Understanding, Anticipating and Reducing the Demand for Stolen Goods”. Police Research Series Paper 98, Home Office, London.

Clarke, R.V (2012) “Opportunity Makes the Thief. Really? And so What?” Crime Science, 1, 3, www.crimesciencejournal.com/content/1/1/3.

Clarke, R.V. and Bichler-Robertson, G. (1998) “Place Managers, Slumlords and Crime in Low Rent Apart-ment Buildings”. Security Journal, 11, 11–19.

Clarke, R.V. and Cornish, D.B. (1985) “Modeling Offenders’ Decisions: A Framework for Research and Poli-cy”. In M. Tonry and N. Morris (Eds) Crime and Justice, Vol. 6. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, R.V. and Cornish, D.B. (2000) “Rational Choice”. In R. Paternoster and R. Bachman (Eds) Crime Theories. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.

Clarke, R.V and Eck, J. (2003) “Become a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst: In 55 Steps”. London: Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, UCL.

Clarke, R.V. and Homel, R. (1997) “A Revised Classification of Situational Crime Prevention Techniques”. In S.P. Lab (Ed.) Crime Prevention at a Crossroads. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

Clarke, R.V. and Mayhew, P. (1988) “The British Gas Suicide Story and its Criminological Implications”. In M. Tonry and N. Morris (Eds) Crime and Justice, Vol. 10. Chicago, IL: Uni¬versity of Chicago Press.

Clarke, R.V. and Mayhew, P. (1998) “Preventing Crime in Parking Lots: What We Know and What We Need to Know”. In M. Felson and R. Peiser (Eds) Reducing Crime through Real Estate Development and Management. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute.

Clarke, R.V. and Newman, G. (2005) “Modifying Criminogenic Products: What Role for Gov-ernment?” In R.V. Clarke and G. Newman (Eds) Designing out Crime from Products and Systems. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 18. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Clarke, R.V. and Newman, G.R. (2006) Outsmarting the Terrorists. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Clarke, R.V. and Weisburd, D. (1994) “Diffusion of Crime Control Benefits: Observations on the Reverse of Displace-ment”. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.) Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 2. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Clarke, R.V., Chetty, K. and Natarajan, M. (2013) “Eyes on the Forest: CCTV and Ecotourism in Indian Tiger Re-serves”. In A. Lemieux (Ed.) Situational Prevention of Poaching. London: Routledge.

Clarke, R.V., Kemper, R. and Wyckoff, L. (2001) “Controlling Cell Phone Fraud in the US: Lessons for the UK “Fore-sight” Prevention Initiative”. Security Journal, 14, 7–22.

Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach”. American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.

Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (Eds) (1986) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (2003) Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol 16. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Cromwell, P., Alexander, G. and Dotson, P. (2008) “Crime and Incivilities in Libraries: Situ¬ational Crime Prevention Strategies for Thwarting Biblio-Bandits and Problem Patrons”. Security Journal, 21, 147–158.

De Souza, E. and Miller, J. (2012) “Homicide in the Brazilian Favela”. British Journal of Criminol¬ogy, 52, 782–807.

Duff, R.A. and Marshall, S.E. (2000) “Benefits, Burdens and Responsibilities: Some Ethical Dimensions of Situational Crime Prevention”. In A. Von Hirsch, D. Garland and A. Wakefield (Eds) Ethical and Social Issues in Situational Crime Prevention. Oxford: Hart Publications.

Eck, J.E., Clarke, R.V. and Guerette, R.T. (2007) “Risky Facilities: Crime Concentration in Homogeneous Sets of Es-tablishments and Facilities”. In G. Farrell, K. Bowers, S.D. Johnson and M. Townsley (Eds) Crime Prevention Stud-ies, Vol. 21. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Ekblom, P. (1988) “Preventing Post Office Robberies in London: Effects and Side Effects”.

Journal of Security Administration, 11, 36–43.

Ekblom, P. (1997) “Gearing Up Against Crime: A Dynamic Framework to Help Designers Keep up with the Adaptive Criminal in a Changing World”. International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention, 2(4), 249–265.

Ekblom, P. (1999) “Can We make Crime Prevention Adaptive by Learning from Other Evolu¬tionary Struggles?” Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 6, 27–51.

Ekblom, P. and Tilley, N. (2000) “Going Equipped: Criminology, Situational Crime Prevention and the Resourceful Of-fender”. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 376–398.

Ekblom, P., Simon, F.H. and Birdi, S. (1988) “Crime and Racial Harassment in Asian-run Small Shops: The Scope for Prevention”. Crime Prevention Unit Paper No. 15, Crime Prevention Unit, Home Office, London.

Farrell, G. (2010) “Situational Crime Prevention and Its Discontents: Rational Choice and Harm Reduction versus ‘Cultural Criminology’ ”. Social Policy and Administration, 44(1), 40–66.

Farrell, G. and Pease, K. (1993) “Once Bitten, Twice Bitten: Repeat Victimisation and its Implications for Crime Pre-vention”. Crime Prevention Unit Series, Paper 46, Police Research Group, Home Office, London.

Farrell, G. and Roman, J. (2006) “Crime as Pollution: Proposal for Market-Based Incentives to Reduce Crime Exter-nalities”. In M.R. Stephens and K. Moss (Eds) Crime Reduction and the Law. Oxford: Routledge.

Farrell, G., Tilley, N. and Tseloni, M. (2014) “Why the Crime Drop?” Crime and Justice, 43(1), 421–490.

Farrington, D.P. and Knight, B.J. (1980) “Stealing from a ‘Lost’ Letter”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 7, 423–436.

Felson, M. (2002) Crime and Everyday Life (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Felson, M. and Clarke, R.V. (1997) “The Ethics of Situational Crime Prevention”. In G. Newman, R.V. Clarke and S.G. Shoham (Eds) Rational Choice and Situational Crime Prevention: Theoretical Foundations. Aldershot: Dart-mouth Publishing Company.

Felson, M. and Clarke, R.V. (1998) “Opportunity Makes the Thief: Practical Theory for Crime Prevention”. Police Re-search Series, Paper 98, Home Office, London.

Fields, G. (2000) “Gunmakers Fight Back”. USA Today, 27 April, p. 1.

Freilich, J.D. and Newman, G.R. (in press) “Situational Crime Prevention”. In H. Pontell and

S. Lab (Eds) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Garland, D. (2000) “The New Criminologies of Everyday Life”. In A. Von Hirsch, D. Garland and A. Wakefield (Eds) Ethical and Social Issues in Situational Crime Prevention. Oxford: Hart Publications.

Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Grabosky, P.N. (1996) “Unintended Consequences of Crime Prevention”. In R. Homel (Ed.) The Politics and Practice of Situation-al Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 5. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Graham, K. (2009) “They Fight Because We Let Them! Applying a Situational Crime Preven¬tion Model to Barroom Violence”. Drug and Alcohol Review, 28(2), 103–109.

Graycar, A. and Sidebottom, A. (2012) “Corruption and Control: A Corruption Reduction Approach”. Journal of Fi-nancial Crime, 19(4), 384–399.

Guerette, R. (2004) “Toward Safer Borders: Extending the Scope of Situational Crime Preven-tion”. American Society of Criminology, Annual Meeting, Nashville.

Guerette, R.T. (2009) “The Pull, Push and Expansion of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluation: An Appraisal of Thirty-Seven Years of Research”. Crime Prevention Studies, 24, 29–58.

Guerette, R.T. & Bowers, K.J. (2009) “Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffu¬sion of Benefits: A Re-view of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations”. Criminology, 47(4), 1331–1368.

Hakim, S., Gaffney, M.A., Rengert, G. and Shachmurove, J. (1995) “Costs and Benefits of Alarms to the Community: Burglary Patterns and Security Measures in Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania”. Security Journal, 6, 197–204.

Hartshorne, H. and May, M.A. (1928) Studies in the Nature of Character, Vol. I: Studies in Deceit. New York: Mac-millan.

Hayward, K. (2007) “Situational Crime Prevention and its Discontents: Rational Choice Theory versus the Culture of Now”. Social Policy and Administration, 41(3), 232–250.

Hayward, K.J. and Young, J. (2004) “Cultural Criminology: Some Notes on the Script”. Theor¬etical Criminology, 8(3), 259–273.

Hesseling, R.B.P. (1994) Displacement: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 3. Mon-sey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Highway Loss Data Institute (2004) “Insurance Theft Report: 2001–2003 Passenger Vehicles”. Highway Loss Data Institute, Arlington, VA.

Home Office (2011) “Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2009/10: Supple¬mentary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales 2009/10”. Statistical Bulletin 01/11. Home Office, London.

Home Office (2012) “Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2010/11: Supple¬mentary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales 2010/11”. Statistical Bulletin 02/12. Home Office, London.

Homel, R., Hauritz, M., McIlwain, G., Wortley, R. and Carvolth, R. (1997) “Preventing Drunkenness and Violence around Nightclubs in a Tourist Resort”. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). Albany, NY: Harrow & Heston.

Hope, T. (2006) “Book Review: Crime Science: New Approaches to Preventing and Detecting Crime”. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(2), 262–263.

Hough, M. (2014) “Confessions of a Recovering ‘Administrative Criminologist’: Jock Young, Quantitative Research and Policy Research”. Crime Media Culture, 10(3), 215–226.

Hunter, R. and Jeffrey, C.R. (1997) “Preventing Convenience Store Robbery through Environ¬mental Design”. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). Albany, NY: Harrow & Heston.

Johnson, S.D. (2010) “A Brief History of Crime Concentration”. European Journal of Applied Mathematics, 21, 349–370.

Johnson, S.D., Bowers, K.J. and Guerette, R. (2012) “Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situ-ational Crime Prevention Measures”. In B.C. Welsh and D.P. Far¬rington (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, S.D., Tilley, N. and Bowers, K.J. (2015) “Introducing EMMIE: An Evidence Rating Scale to Encourage Mixed-Method Crime Prevention Synthesis Reviews”. Journal of Experi¬mental Criminology, 11(3), 459–473.

Kim, J.H., Clarke, R.V. and Miller, J. (2013) “Poaching and Tiger Populations in Indian Reserves”. In A. Lemieux (Ed.) Situational Prevention of Poaching. London: Routledge.

Kleinig, J. (2000) “The Burdens of Situational Crime Prevention”. In A. Von Hirsch, D. Garland and A. Wakefield (Eds) Ethical and Social Issues in Situational Crime Prevention. Oxford: Hart Publications.

Knepper, P. (2009) “How Situational Crime Prevention Contributes to Social Welfare”. Liver¬pool Law Review. Pub-lished online 13 May.

Landes, W.M. (1978) “An Economic Study of U.S. Aircraft Hijacking, 1961–1976”. Journal of Law and Economics, 21, 1–32.

Langan, P.A. and Farrington, D.P. (1998) “Crime and Justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981–96”. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC.

Lasley, J. (1998) “Designing-out Gang Homicides and Street Assaults”. Research in Brief, National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

Laycock, G. (2004) “The U.K. Car Theft Index: An Example of Government Leverage”. In

M.G. Maxfield and R.V. Clarke (Eds) Understanding and Preventing Car Theft. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 17. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press (and Willan Publishing).

Lemieux, A. and Clarke, R. (2009) “The International Ban on Ivory Sales and its Effects on Elephant Poaching in Af-rica”. British Journal of Criminology, 49(4), 451–471.

Lemieux, A. and Felson, M. (2012) “Risk of Violent Crime Victimization during Major Daily Activities”. Violence and Victims, 27(5), 635–655.

Lester, D. (2009) Preventing Suicide: Closing the Exits Revisited. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science. Levi, M. and Handley, J. (1998) “The Prevention of Plastic and Cheque Fraud Revisited”.

Home Office Research Study No. 182, Home Office, London.

Levi, M., Bissell, P. and Richardson, T. (1991) “The Prevention of Cheque and Credit Card Fraud”. Crime Prevention Unit, Paper 26, Home Office, London.

McNally, M.M. and Newman, G.R. (Eds) (2008) Perspectives on Identity Theft. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 23. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Madensen, T. and Knutsson, J. (Eds) (2011) Preventing Crowd Violence. Crime Prevention Studies,

Vol. 26. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Mailley, J., Garcia, R., Whitehead, S. and Farrell, G. (2008) “Phone Theft Index”. Security Journal, 21(3), 212–227.

Masuda, B. (1992) “Displacement vs. Diffusion of Benefits and the Reduction of Inventory Losses in a Retail Envi-ronment”. Security Journal, 3, 131–136.

Matthews, R. (1986) “Policing Prostitution: A Multi-Agency Approach”. Centre for Criminol¬ogy Paper No. 1, Middlesex Polytechnic, London.

Matthews, R. (1993) “Prostitution and Multi-Agency Policing”. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 43, Home Office, London.

Mayhew, P. (2015a) Personal communication.

Mayhew, P. (2015b) “A Defense of Administrative Criminology”. Acceptance Speech for Stock¬holm Prize in Crimi-nology, 9 June 2015, www.criminologysymposium.com/symposium/ event-information/video-clips.html.

Milgram, S. (1974) Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. New York: Harper & Row. Moreto, W.D. and Lemieux, A.M. (2015) “Poaching in Uganda: Perspectives from Law Enforcement Rangers”. Deviant Behavior, 36(11), 853–873.

Muncie, J. (2004) “Youth Justice: Globalisation and Multi-Modal Governance”. In T. Newburn and R. Sparks (Eds) Criminal Justice and Political Cultures: National and International Dimensions of Crime Control. Cullompton: Willan.

Natarajan, M. (2014) “Differences between Intentional and Non-intentional Burn Injuries in India: Implications for Prevention”. Burns, 40, 1033–1039.

Newman, G.R. and Clarke, R.V. (2003) Superhighway Robbery: Preventing E-commerce Crime. Cul¬lompton: Willan Publishing.

Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York: Macmil¬lan. (Published by Architectural Press, London, in 1973.)

Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2013) “Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences 2011/12”. ONS, London.

Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2014a) “Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending March 2014”. Statistical Bulle-tin. ONS, London.

Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2014b) “Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences 2012/13”. ONS, London.

Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2015) “Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, 2013/14”. ONS, London.

Painter, K. and Farrington, D. (1997) “The Crime Reducing Effect of Improved Street Lighting: The Dudley Project”. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). Albany, NY: Harrow & Heston.

Pease, K. (1991) “The Kirkholt Project: Preventing Burglary on a British Public Housing Estate”. Security Journal, 2, 73–77.

Pease, K. (2001) Cracking Crime through Design. London: Design Council.

Petrossian, G. and Clarke, R.V. (2014) “Explaining and Controlling Illegal Commercial Fishing: An application of the CRAVED Theft Model”. British Journal of Criminology, 54, 73–90.

Petrossian, G., Weis, J. and Pires, S. (2015) “Factors affecting Crab and Lobster Species Subject to IUU Fishing”. Ocean and Coastal Management, 106, 29–34.

Pires, S. and Clarke, R.V. (2010) “Sequential Foraging, Itinerant Fences and Parrot Poaching in Bolivia”. British Journal of Criminology, 51, 314–335.

Pires, S. and Clarke, R.V. (2012) “Are Parrots CRAVED? An Analysis of Parrot Poaching in Mexico”. Journal of Re-search in Crime and Delinquency, 49 (1), 122–146.

Pires, S.F., Guerette, R. and Stubbert, C. (2014) “The Crime Triangle of Kidnapping for Ransom Incidents in Colom-bia, South America: A ‘Litmus’ Test for Situational Crime Pre-vention”. British Journal of Criminology, 54, 784–808.

Poyner, B. (1988) “Video Cameras and Bus Vandalism”. Journal of Security Administration, 11, 44–51. Poyner, B. (1991) “Situational Prevention in Two Car Parks”. Security Journal, 2, 96–101.

Prison Reform Trust (2014) “Prison: The Facts”. Bromley Briefings Summer 2014, Prison Reform Trust, London, www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Prison%20 the%20facts%20May%202014.pdf.

Ross, H.L. (1973) “Law, Science and Accidents: The British Road Safety Act of 1967”. Journal of Legal Studies, 4, 285–310.

Ross, N. (2013) Crime: How to Solve It – and Why so Much of What We’re Told is Wrong. London: Biteback Publish-ing.

Scherdin, M.J. (1986) “The Halo Effect: Psychological Deterrence of Electronic Security Systems”. Information Tech-nology and Libraries, 5(3), 232–235.

Scott, M. and Goldstein, H. (2012) “Ron Clarke’s Contribution to Improving Policing: A Dif¬fusion of Benefits”. In N. Tilley and G. Farrell (Eds) The Reasoning Criminologist: Essays in Honour of Ronald V. Clarke. Crime Science Se-ries. London: Routledge.

Scottish Central Research Unit (1995) Running the Red: An Evaluation of the Strathclyde Police Red Light Camera Initiative. Edinburgh: The Scottish Office.

Shane, J. and Magnuson, S. (2014) “Successful and Unsuccessful Pirate Attacks Worldwide: A Situational Analysis”. Jus-tice Quarterly, 1–26. doi:10.1080/074 18825.2014.958187.

Sherman, L., Gartin, P. and Buerger, M. (1989) “Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activ¬ities and the Criminol-ogy of Place”. Criminology, 27, 27–55.

Sidebottom, A. (2012) “On the Application of CRAVED to Livestock Theft in Malawi”. Inter¬national Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 37(3), 195–212.

Sidebottom, A. and Bowers, K.J. (2010) “Bag Theft in Bars: An Analysis of Relative Risk, Per¬ceived Risk and Modus Operandi”. Security Journal, 23(3), 206–224.

Smith, M.J. (2005) “Robbery of Taxicab Drivers”. Problem-Oriented Guides For Police, No. 34, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice, Washing¬ton, DC.

Smith, M.J. and Clarke, R.V. (2012) “Situational Crime Prevention: Classifying Techniques Using ‘Good Enough’ Theory”. In B.C. Welsh and D.P. Farrington (Eds) The Oxford Hand¬book of Crime Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.

Smith, M.J., Clarke, R.V. and Pease, K. (2002) “Anticipatory Benefits in Crime Prevention”. In

N. Tilley (Ed.) Analysis for Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 13. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Stanford Research Institute (1970) “Reduction of Robbery and Assault of Bus Drivers”. Vol. III, Technological and Op-erational Methods. Stanford, CA: Stanford Research Institute.

Sykes, G. and Matza, D. (1957) “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency”.

American Sociological Review, 22, 664–670.

Terry, K.J. and Ackerman, A. (2008) “Child Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church: How Situ¬ational Crime Prevention Strategies can Help Create Safe Environments”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(5), 643–657.

Tierney, J. (2009) Key Perspectives in Criminology. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Tilley, N., Farrell, G. and Clarke, R.V. (2015) “Target Suitability and the Crime Drop”. In M. Andresen and G. Farrell (Eds) The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory. Crime Prevention Studies. Basing-stoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (2014a) “Crime in the United States 2013”, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/tables/1tabledatad ecoverview-pdf/table_1_crime_in_the_united_states_by_volume_and_rate_per_100000_ inhabitants_1994-2013.xls.

US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (2014b) “Crime in the United States 2014”, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide/expanded_homicide_data_table_8_murder_victims_ by_weapon_2009-2013.xls.

Verma, A. (2009) “Situational Prevention and Elections in India”. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 4(2), 83–97.

Vollard, B. (2015) “Temporal Displacement of Environmental Crime: Evidence from Marine Oil Pollution”. CentER Discussion Paper No. 2015-037, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2633964 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2633964.

Von Hirsch, A. and Shearing, C. (2000) “Exclusion from Public Space”. In A. Von Hirsch, D. Garland and A. Wake-field (Eds) Ethical and Social Issues in Situational Crime Prevention. Oxford: Hart Publications.

Von Hirsch, A., Garland, D. and Wakefield, A. (Eds) (2000) Ethical and Social Issues in Situational Crime Prevention. Oxford: Hart Publications.

Webb, B. (1997) “Steering Column Locks and Motor Vehicle Theft: Evaluations from Three Countries”. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). Guilderland, NY: Harrow & Heston.

Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (2009) “Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Justice Quarterly, 26(4), 716–745.

Wilcox, P. and Eck, J.E. (2011) “Criminology of the Unpopular Implications for Policy Aimed at Payday Lending Facili-ties”. Criminology and Public Policy, 10(2), 473–482.

Wilkinson, P. (1986) Terrorism and the Liberal State (2nd edition). New York: New York Univer¬sity Press.

Wortley, R. (1998) “A Two-Stage Model of Situational Crime Prevention”. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 7, 173–188.

Wortley, R. (2001) “A Classification of Techniques for Controlling Situational Precipitators of Crime”. Security Journal, 14, 63–82.

Wortley, R. (2002) Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions. Cam¬bridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wortley, R. and Smallbone, S. (2006) “Applying Situational Principles to Sexual Offences against Children”. In R. Wortley and S. Smallbone (Eds) Situational Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 19. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Wright, R.T. and Decker, S.H. (1994) Burglars on the Job. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.

مراجع الفصل السابع:

Anderson, D., S. Chenery, and K. Pease (1995) Biting Back: Tackling Repeat Burglary and Car Crime. Crime Detec-tion and Prevention Series Paper 58, Police Research Group, UK Home Office, London.

Andresen, M.A. and N. Malleson (2011) Testing the Stability of Crime Patterns: Implications for Theory and Practice. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1): 58–82.

Bernasco, W. (2008) Them Again? Same-Offender Involvement in Repeat and Near Repeat Burglaries. European Journal of Criminology, 5(4): 411–431.

Bowers, K.J. and S.D. Johnson (2004) Who Commits Near Repeats? A Test of the Boost Expla¬nation. Western Crim-inology Review, 5: 12–24.

Bowers, K.J., S.D. Johnson, and K. Pease (2004) Prospective Hot-spotting: The Future of Crime Mapping? British Journal of Criminology, 44: 641–658.

Bridgeman, C. and L. Hobbs (1997) Preventing Repeat Victimisation: The Police Officers’ Guide.

London: Police Research Group.

Britton, A., C. Kershaw, S. Osborne, and K. Smith (2012) Underlying Patterns within the England and Wales Crime Drop. In J. van Dijk, A. Tseloni, and G. Farrell (eds) The Inter¬national Crime Drop: New Directions in Research. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 159–181. Braga, A.A., A.V. Papachristos, and D.M. Hureau (2012) The Effects of Hot Spot Policing on

Crime: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Justice Quarterly, 31(4): 633–663. Clarke, R.V. (1999) Hot Products: Understanding, Anticipating and Reducing Demand for

Stolen Goods. Police Research Series Paper 112, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office, London.

Cohen, L. and M. Felson (1979) Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Soci-ological Review, 44(4): 588–608.

Curman, A.S.N., M.A. Andresen, and P.J. Brantingham (2015) Crime and Place: A Longitudinal Examination of Street Segment Patterns in Vancouver, B.C. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(1): 127–147.

Eck, J.E. and D. Weisburd (eds) (1995) Crime and Place. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press. Everson, S. and K. Pease (2001) Crime Against the Same Person and Place: Detection Oppor-

tunity and Offender Targeting. In G. Farrell and K. Pease (eds) Repeat Victimization. Monsey, NY: Criminal Jus-tice Press, pp. 199–220.

Farrell, G. (1993) Repeat Criminal Victimisation. PhD Thesis, University of Manchester.

Farrell, G. (2015) Crime Concentration Theory. Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An Inter¬national Journal, 17(4): 233–248.

Farrell, G. and A.C. Bouloukos (2001) A Cross-National Comparative Analysis of Rates of Repeat Victimization. Crime Prevention Studies, 12: 5–25.

Farrell, G. and K. Pease (1993) Once Bitten, Twice Bitten: Repeat Victimisation and its Implications for Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 46, Home Office, London.

Farrell, G. and K. Pease (2006) Preventing Repeat Residential Burglary: A Review. In B.C. Welsh and D.P. Farring-ton (eds) Preventing Crime: What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims, and Places. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 161–176.

Farrell, G. and K. Pease. (2007) The Sting in the British Crime Survey Tail: Multiple Victimisa¬tions. In M. Maxfield and M. Hough (eds) Surveying Crime in the 21st Century, vol. 22 of Crime Prevention Studies. Cullompton: Wil-lan Publishing, pp. 33–54.

Farrell, G. and K. Pease (2014) Repeat Victimization. In G. Bruinsma and D. Weisburd (eds) Encyclopedia of Crimi-nology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer-Verlag. (NB: full length and peer-reviewed.)

Farrell, G. and W. Sousa (2001) Repeat Victimization and Hot Spots: The Overlap and its Implications for Crime Control and Problem-Oriented Policing. Crime Prevention Studies, 12: 221–240.

Farrell, G., K. Clark, D. Ellingworth, and K. Pease (2005) Of Targets and Supertargets: A Routine Activity Theory of High Crime Areas. Internet Journal of Criminology.

Farrell, G., D. Ellingworth, and K. Pease (1996) High Crime Rates, Repeat Victimization, and Routine Activities. In T. Bennett (ed.) Preventing Crime and Disorder. Cambridge: Institute of Criminology, pp. 276–296.

Farrell, G., L. Hobbs, A. Edmunds, and G. Laycock (2000) RV Snapshot: UK Policing and Repeat Victimization. Crime Re-duction Research Series, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit Paper 5, Home Office, London.

Farrell, G., W.H. Sousa, and D. Lamm Weisel (2002) The Time–Window Effect in the Meas¬urement of Repeat Vic-timization: A Methodology for its Measurement and an Empirical Study. Crime Prevention Studies, 13: 15–27.

Forrester, D., S. Frenz, M. O’Connell, and K. Pease (1990) The Kirkholt Burglary Preven¬tion Project: Phase II. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 23. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Grove, L.E. and G. Farrell (2012) Once Bitten, Twice Shy? Repeat Victimization and its Pre¬vention. In B.C. Welsh and D.P. Farrington (eds) Oxford Handbook on Crime Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Grove, L.E., G. Farrell, D.P. Farrington, and S. Johnson (2012) Systematic Review of Preventing Repeat Victimiza-tion. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.

Haberman, C. and J.H. Ratcliffe (2012) The Predictive Policing Challenges of Near Repeat Armed Street Robberies. Policing, 6(2): 151–166.

Herman, S., D.R. Anderson, D. Johnson, K. Dempsey, D. Weisburd, R. Greenspan, G. Farrell, and J. Ready (2002) Bringing Victims into Community Policing. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Community Policing Oriented Policing Services.

Hindelang, M., M.R. Gottfredson, and J. Garofalo (1978) Victims of Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Hunter, J. and A. Tseloni (2016) Equity, Justice and the Crime Drop: The Case of Burglary in England and Wales. Crime Science, 5(3): 1–13.

Ignatans, D. and K. Pease (2015) Distributive Justice and the Crime Drop. In M.A. Andresen and G. Farrell (eds) The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 77–87.

Johnson, J.H., H.B. Kerper, D.D. Hayes, and G.G. Killenger (1973) The Recidivist Victim: A Descriptive Study. Crim-inal Justice Monograph vol. IV, no. 1. Institute of Contemporary Corrections and the Behavioral Sciences, Sam Houston State University: Huntsville, TX.

Kurland, J., S.D. Johnson, and N. Tilley (2014) Offences around Stadiums: A Natural Experi¬ment on Crime Attraction and Generation. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1): 5–28.

Laycock, G. (2001) Hypothesis-Based Research: The Repeat Victimization Story. Criminal Justice, 1 (1): 59–82.

Laycock, G. and G. Farrell (2003) Repeat Victimization: Lessons for Implementing Problem-Oriented Policing. In J. Knutsson (ed.) Problem-Oriented Policing: From Innovation to Mainstream, vol. 15 of Crime Prevention Studies. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 150–175.

Levy, M.P. and C. Tartaro (2010) Repeat Victimization: A Study of Auto Theft in Atlantic City using the WALLS Variables to Measure Environmental Indicators. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 21(3): 296–318.

Mawby, R.I. (2001) The Impact of Repeat Victimization on Burglary Victims in East and West Europe. In G. Farrell and K. Pease (eds) Repeat Victimization. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 69–82.

Moitra, S.D. and S.L. Konda (2004) An Empirical Investigation of Network Attacks on Com¬puter Systems. Computers and Security, 23: 43–51.

Morgan, F. (2001) Repeat Burglary in a Perth Suburb: Indicator of Short-Term or Long-Term Risk? In G. Farrell and K. Pease (eds) Repeat Victimization. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 83–118.

Pease, K. (1991) The Kirkholt Project: Preventing Burglary on a British Public Housing Estate.

Security Journal, 2(2): 73–77.

Pease, K. (1998) Repeat Victimisation: Taking Stock. Police Research Group, Home Office, London.

Pease, K. and G. Laycock (1996) Revictimization: Reducing the Heat on Hot Victims (Research in Action). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Pease, K. and A. Tseloni (2014) Using Modeling to Predict and Prevent Victimization. New York: Springer.

Planty, M. and K.J. Strom (2007) Understanding the Role of Repeat Victims in the Production of Annual US Victimi-zation Rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23(3); 179–200.

Polvi, N., T. Looman, C. Humphreys, and K. Pease (1991) The Time Course of Repeat Burg¬lary Victimization. British Journal of Criminology, 31(4): 411–414.

Ratcliffe, J. H. and G.F. Rengert (2008) Near Repeat Patterns in Philadelphia Shootings. Security Journal, 21(1–2): 58–76.

Sherman, L.W., P.R. Gartin, and M.E. Buerger (1989) Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place. Criminology, 27(1): 27–55.

Short, M.B., M.R. D’Orsogna, P.J. Brantingham, and G.E. Tita (2009) Measuring and Modelling Repeat and Near Re-peat Burglary Effects. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25: 325–339.

Sidebottom, A. (2011) Repeat Burglary Victimization in Malawi and the Influence of Housing Type and Area-Level Influence. Security Journal, 25(3): 265–281.

Sparks, R., H. Genn, and D. Dodd (1977) Surveying Victims. London: Wiley.

Titus, R.M. and A.R. Gover (2001) Personal Fraud: The Victims and the Scams. Crime Preven¬tion Studies, 12: 133–151.

Tilley, N. (1993) After Kirkholt: Theory, Method and Results of Replication Evaluations. Crime Pre¬vention Unit Se-ries Paper No. 47, Police Research Group, Home Office, London.

Tilley, N. (1995) Thinking about Crime Prevention Performance Indicators. Crime Prevention and Detection Series Paper 57, Home Office, London.

Townsley, M., R. Homel, and J. Chaseling (2003) Infectious Repeats: A Test of the Near Repeat Hypothesis. British Journal of Criminology, 43: 615–633.

Townsley, M., S.D. Johnson, and J.H. Ratcliffe (2008) Space Time Dynamics of Insurgent Activity in Iraq. Security Journal, 21(3): 139–146.

van Dijk, J.J.M. (2001) Attitudes of Victims and Repeat Victims toward the Police: Results of the International Crime Victims Survey. In G. Farrell and K. Pease (eds) Repeat Victimization. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 27–52.

Weisel, D.L. (2005) Analyzing Repeat Victimization. POP Center Tool Guide Number 4, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.

Wells, W., L. Wu, and X. Ye (2008) Patterns of Near-Repeat Gun Assaults in Houston. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(2): 186–212.

Youtsin, T.J., M.R. Nobles, J.T. Ward, and D.L. Cook (2011) Assessing the Generalizability of the Near Repeat Phenom-enon. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 38(10): 1042–1063.

مراجع الفصل الثامن

Abt, T., and Winship, C. (2016, February). What Works in Reducing Community Violence. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.

Bach, J. (2008, April). Killer Data: Researchers Save Lives by Unlocking Street Code in Cincinnati. University of Cincinnati Magazine. Retrieved from http://magazine.uc.edu/issues/0408/ killer_research.html.

BBC News (2015, January 22). New Intervention Plan Launched to Target Gang Members. Retrieved from www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-30929570.

Boyle, D.J., Lanterman, J., Pascarella, J., and Cheng, C.C. (2010). The Impact of Newark’s Opera¬tion Ceasefire on Trauma Center Gunshot Wound Admissions. Newark, NJ: University of Medi¬cine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Violence Institute of New Jersey.

Braga, A.A. (2005). Analyzing Homicide Problems: Practical Approaches to Developing a Policy-Relevant Description of Serious Urban Violence. Security Journal, 18 (4): 17–32.

Braga, A.A. (2008). Pulling Levers Focused Deterrence Strategies and the Prevention of Gun Homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36 (4): 332–343.

Braga, A.A., and Kennedy, D.M. (2012). Linking Situational Crime Prevention and Focused Deterrence Strategies. The Reasoning Criminologist: Essays in Honour of Ronald V. Clarke, Farrell, G., Tilley, N. (eds.) London and New York: Routledge.

Braga, A.A., and Weisburd, D.L. (2012). The Effects of “Pulling Levers” Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews.

Braga, A.A., and Weisburd, D.L. (2014). Must We Settle for Less Rigorous Evaluations in Large Area-Based Crime Prevention Programs? Lessons from a Campbell Review of Focused Deter¬rence. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10 (4): 573–597.

Braga, A.A., Weisburd, D.L. (2015). Focused Deterrence and the Prevention of Violent Gun Injuries: Practice, Theoretical Principles, and Scientific Evidence. Annual Review of Public Health, 36: 55–68.

Braga, A.A., Apel, R., and Welsh, B.C. (2013). The Spillover Effects of Focused Deterrence on Gang Violence. Evaluation Review, 37 (3/4): 314–342.

Braga, A.A., Hureau, D.M., and Papachristos, A.V. (2014). Deterring Gang-Involved Gun Viol¬ence: Measuring the Impact of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire on Street Gang Behavior. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30 (1): 113–139.

Braga, A.A., Kennedy, D.M., and Tita, G. (2002). New Approaches to the Strategic Prevention of Gang and Group-Involved Violence. Gangs in America: Third Edition, Huff, R.C. (ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Braga, A.A., Kennedy, D.M., Waring, E.J., and Piehl, A.M. (2001). Problem-Oriented Policing, Deterrence, and Youth Violence: An Evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38 (3): 195–225.

Braga, A.A., Pierce, G.L., McDevitt, J., Bond, B.J., and Cronin, S. (2008). The Strategic Prevention of Gun Violence Among Gang-Involved Offenders. Justice Quarterly, 25 (1): 132–162.

Brunson, R.K. (2015). Focused Deterrence and Improved Police–Community Relations. Crimi¬nology and Public Policy, 14 (3): 507–514.

Bureau of Justice Assistance (2009). Drug Market Intervention: Technical Assistance Initiative. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from www.bja.gov/Publications/DMII.pdf.

Caniglia, J. (2016, March 24). What Cities can Learn from New Haven’s Fight to Rein in Gang Violence: Seeking Solutions. Cleveland.com. Retrieved from www.cleveland.com/court-justice/index.ssf/2016/03/what_cleveland_can_learn_from.html.

Carnochan, J. (2010). Leap: Confronting Conflict CIRV: First Year Report. Glasgow, UK. Retrieved from www.leapconfrontingconflict.org.uk/assets-uploaded/documents/cirv-first-year-report_ 1263221503.pdf.

City of High Point (2016). Violent Crimes Task Force. Retrieved from www.highpointnc.gov/ po-lice/focus_deterrence/violent_crimes_task_force/index.cfm.

Clarke, R.V. (ed.) (1997). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. New York: Harrow & Heston.

Cohen, L.E., and Felson, M. (1979). Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44: 588–605.

Corsaro, N., and Brunson, R. (2013) Are Suppression and Deterrence Mechanisms Enough? Examining the “Pulling Levers” Drug Market Intervention Strategy in Peoria, Illinois, USA. International Journal of Drug Policy, 24 (2): 115–121.

Corsaro, N., and Engel, R.S. (2015). Most Challenging of Contexts: Assessing the Impact of Focused Deterrence on Se-rious Violence in New Orleans. Criminology and Public Policy, 14 (3): 471–505.

Corsaro, N., and McGarrell, E. (2009). An Evaluation of the Nashville Drug Market Initiative (DMI) Pulling Levers Strategy. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.

Corsaro, N., Brunson, R., and McGarrell, E. (2010). Problem-Oriented Policing and Open-Air Drug Markets: Examin-ing the Rockford Pulling Levers Strategy. Crime and Delinquency. DOI: 10.1177/0011128709345955.

Corsaro, N., Hunt, E., Hipple, N.K., and McGarrell, E. (2012). The Impact of Drug Market Pulling Levers Policing on Neighborhood Violence: An Evaluation of the High Point Drug Market Intervention. Criminology and Public Poli-cy, 11: 167–200.

Crandall, V., and Wong, S.-L. (2011). Practice Brief: Call-in Preparation and Execution. Washing¬ton, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Densley, J., and Squier Jones, D. (2016). Pulling Levers on Gang Violence in London and St. Paul. Gang Transitions and Transformations in an International Context, Maxson, C., Esbesnsen, F.A. (eds.) New York: Springer.

Engel, R.S., Corsaro, N., and Skubak Tillyer, M. (2010). Evaluation of the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV). Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati Policing Institute.

Engel, R.S., Skubak Tillyer, M., and Corsaro, N. (2011, November). Reducing Gang Violence Using Focused Deter-rence: Evaluating the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV). Justice Quarterly. DOI:10.1080/07418825.2011.619559.

Fagan, A.A., and Mazerolle, P. (2011). Repeat Offending and Repeat Victimization: Assessing Similarities and Differ-ences in Psychosocial Risk Factors. Crime and Delinquency, 57 (5): 732–755.

Farrington, D.P., and Petrosino, A. (2001). The Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578: 35–49.

Gathings, M.J., and Frabutt, J.M. (2005). Evaluation of the Durham Police Department’s

S.T.A.R.S. Notification Program. Center for Youth, Family, and Community Partnerships. Green¬sboro, NC: Uni-versity of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Hamilton, Z., Campbell, C.M., van Wormer, J., Kigerl, A., and Posey, B. (2016). Impact of Swift and Certain Sanc-tions. Criminology and Public Policy, 15 (4): 1009–1072.

Hanmer, J., Griffiths, S., and Jerwood, D. (1999). Arresting Evidence: Domestic Violence and Repeat Victimisation. Policing and Reducing Crime, Police Research Series Paper 104, Home Office, London.

Hawken, A. (2010, January). Behavioral Triage: A New Model for Identifying and Treating Substance-Abusing Of-fenders. Journal of Drug Policy Analysis, 3 (1).

Hawken, A., and Kleiman, M.A.R. (2009). Managing Drug Involved Probationers with Swift and Certain Sanctions. Final report submitted to the National Institute of Justice. Unpublished report.

High Point Police Department (2014, August 1). Offender Focused Domestic Violence Initiative: The First Two Years. High Point, NC: High Point Police Department.

Holmes, O.W. (1909). Early Forms of Liability. The Common Law: Lecture I.

Jeffery, C.R. (1971). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Kennedy, D.M. (1997). Pulling Levers: Chronic Offenders, High-Crime Settings, and a Theory of Prevention. Val-paraiso University Law Review, 31 (2): 448–484.

Kennedy, D.M. (1998, July). Pulling Levers: Getting Deterrence Right. National Institute of Justice Journal, 236: 2–8.

Kennedy, D.M. (2009a, March). Drugs, Race and Common Ground: Reflections on the High Point Intervention. Na-tional Institute of Justice Journal, 262: 12–17.

Kennedy, D.M. (2009b). Deterrence and Crime Prevention: Reconsidering the Prospect of Sanction. New York: Routledge.

Kennedy, D.M. (2010, January). Practice Brief: Norms, Narratives, and Community Engage¬ment for Crime Preven-tion. Retrieved from http://nnscommunities.org/uploads/Haas prac-tice_brief_finalwinter2010.pdf.

Kennedy, D.M. (2011a). Don’t Shoot: One Man, a Street Fellowship, and the End of Violence in Inner-city America. New York: Bloomsbury.

Kennedy, D.M. (2011b). Whither Streetwork? The Place of Outreach Workers in Community Violence Prevention. Criminology and Public Policy, 10 (4): 1045–1051.

Kennedy, D.M. (2014, November 9). Don’t Give Up Chattanooga’s Anti-Violence Strategy. Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved from www.timesfreepress.com/news/opinion/ columns/story/2014/nov/09/dont-give-up-chattanoogas-anti-violence-strategy/272784/.

Kennedy, D.M., and Friedrich, M.A. (2014). Custom Notifications: Individualized Communication in the Group Vio-lence Intervention. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Kennedy, D.M., and Wong, S.-L. (2009). The High Point Drug Market Intervention Strategy. Wash¬ington, DC: Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.

Kennedy, D.M., Piehl, A.M., and Braga, A.A. (1996). Youth Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offend-ers, and a Use-Reduction Strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59 (1): 147–196.

Kilmer, B., Nicosia, N., Heaton, P., and Midgette, G. (2013). Efficacy of Frequent Monitoring with Swift, Certain, and Modest Sanctions for Violations: Insights from South Dakota’s 24/7 Sobriety Project. American Journal of Public Health, 103 (1): e37–e43.

Kleiman, M.A.R. (1993). Enforcement Swamping: A Positive-Feedback Mechanism in Rates of Illicit Activity. Mathe-matical and Computer Modeling, 17 (2): 65–75.

Kleiman, M.A.R. (2009). When Brute Force Fails. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Klein, M.W. (2011). Comprehensive Gang and Violence Reduction Programs: Reinventing the

Square Wheel. Criminology and Public Policy, 10 (4): 1037–1044.

Krebs, K. (2012). ‘Focused Deterrence’ has Positive Impact. Madison.com. Retrieved from http:// host.madison.com/article_33cfa126-3cfb-11e2-8dfb-0019bb2963f4.html.

Land, K. (2015, July). Something that Works in Violent Crime Control. Criminology and Public Policy, 14 (3): 515–519.

McGarrell, E., Chermak, S., Wilson, J., and Corsaro, N. (2006). Reducing Homicide Through a “Lever-Pulling” Strategy. Justice Quarterly, 23: 214–229.

Matza, D. (1964). Delinquency and Drift. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Meares, T.L. (2009). The Legitimacy of Police Among Young African-American Men. Marquette Law Review, 92 (4): 650–666.

Mentel, Z. (2012). Racial Reconciliation, Truth-Telling, and Police Legitimacy. Washington, DC: Office of Communi-ty Oriented Policing Services.

National Network for Safe Communities (2013). Group Violence Intervention: An Implementation Guide. Washing-ton, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

National Network for Safe Communities (2014a). Drug Market Intervention: An Implementation Guide. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

National Network for Safe Communities (2014b). Implementing Support and Outreach in Com¬munity Violence Pre-vention. White Paper.

National Network for Safe Communities (2015). Prison Violence Intervention. White Paper. National Network for Safe Communities (2016a). Implementing the Drug Market Intervention in

Emerging Heroin Markets. White Paper.

National Network for Safe Communities (2016b). Intimate Partner Violence Intervention. White Paper. Manuscript in Preparation.

National Network for Safe Communities (2016c). Cities. Retrieved from http://nnscommuni-ties.org/impact/cities.

Nicosia, N.K., and Heaton, P. (2016, March). Can a Criminal Justice Alcohol Abstention Pro¬gramme with Swift, Cer-tain, and Modest Sanctions (24/7 Sobriety) Reduce Population Mor¬tality? A Retrospective Observational Study. Lan-cet Psychiatry, 3 (3): 226–232.

Papachristos, A.V., and Kirk, D.S. (2015). Changing the Street Dynamic: Evaluating Chicago’s Group Violence Reduc-tion Strategy. Criminology and Public Policy, 14 (3): 525–558.

Papachristos, A.V., Braga, A.A., and Hureau, D.M. (2012). Social Networks and the Risk of Gunshot Injury. Journal of Urban Health, 89 (6): 992–1003.

Papachristos, A.V., Hureau, D.M., and Braga, A.A. (2013). The Corner and the Crew: The Influence of Geography and Social Networks on Gang Violence. American Sociological Review, 78 (3): 417–447.

Papachristos, A.V., Meares, T., and Fagan, J. (2007). Attention Felons: Evaluating Project Safe Neighborhoods in Chi-cago. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 4: 223–272.

Papachristos, A.V., Meares, T.L., and Fagan, J. (2009). Why Do Criminals Obey the Law? The Influence of the Law and Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders. Social Science Research Network.

Pitts, J. (2008). Reluctant Gangsters: The Changing Face of Youth Crime. Cullompton: Willan Pub¬lishing.

Saunders, J., Lundberg, R., Braga, A.A., Ridgeway, G., and Miles, J. (2015). A Synthetic Control Approach to Evaluat-ing Place-Based Crime Interventions. Journal of Quantitative Crim¬inology, 31 (3): 413–434.

Saunders, J., Ober, A.J., Kilmer, B., and Greathouse, S.M. (2016). A Community-Based, Focused-Deterrence Approach to Closing Overt Drug Markets: A Process and Fidelity Evaluation of Seven Sites. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

Sechrist, S.M., and Weil, J.D. (2014, November). Interim Update Report: What do we Know about Notified Offenders Since Implementation of the Offender Focused Domestic Violence Initiative (OFDVI) in High Point, NC? Greensboro, NC: University of North Carolina Greensboro.

Sierra-Arevalo, M., Charette, Y., and Papachristos, A.V. (2015). Evaluating the Effect of Project Longevity on Group-Involved Shootings and Homicides in New Haven, CT. Working Paper, Yale University.

Thacher, D. (forthcoming). Channeling Police Discretion: The Hidden Potential of Focused Deterrence. University of Chicago Legal Forum.

Tita, G., Riley, K.J., Ridgeway, G., Grammich, C., Abrahamse, A., and Greenwood, P.W. (2004). Reducing Gun Vio-lence: Results from an Intervention in East Los Angeles. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

Tyler, T.R. (2006). Why People Obey the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

U.S. Department of Justice. (2012, November 27). Project Longevity Launched to Reduce Gang and Gun Violence in Connecticut’s Cities. Press Release. U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Public Affairs. Retrieved from www.justice.gov/opa/pr/project-longevity-launched-reduce-gang-and-gun-violence-connecticut-s-cities.

U.S. Department of Justice (2014, September 12). How Swift and Certain Sanctions Changed Com¬munity Supervision in Washington State. Retrieved from www.swiftcertainfair.com/how-swift-and-certain-sanctions-changed-community-supervision-in-washington-state/.

United States Attorney’s Office, Northern District of California (2014, December 29). Opera¬tion Ceasefire and the Safe Community Partnership. Programs. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/operation-ceasefire-and-safe-community-partnership.

United States Attorney’s Office, Eastern District of North Carolina (2015, July 15). Project Safe Neighborhoods. Pro-grams. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from www.justice.gov/usao-ednc/project-safe-neighborhoods.

Wallace, D., Papachristos, A.V., Meares, T.L., and Fagan, J. (2015). Desistance and Legitimacy: The Impact of Of-fender Notification Meetings on Recidivism among High Risk Offenders. Justice Quarterly, doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2015.1081262.

Warner, B., Pacholke, D., and Kujath, C. (2014). Operation Place Safety: First Year in Review. Washington Depart-ment of Corrections. Retrieved from www.nnscommunities.org/uploads/ Opera-tion_Place_Safety_First_Year_Report_2014.pdf.

Weisburd, D., Farrington, D.P., and Gill, C. (2016). What Works in Crime Prevention and Rehabil¬itation: Lessons from Systematic Reviews. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Williams, D.J., Currie, D., Linden, W., and Donnelly, P. (2014). Addressing Gang-Related Violence in Glasgow: A Preliminary Pragmatic Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of the Com¬munity Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19 (6): 686–691.

Wilson, J.Q. (1975). Thinking About Crime. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books.

Wong, J., Gravel, J., Bouchard, M., Morselli, C., and Descormiers, K. (2012). Effectiveness of Street Gang Control Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Evaluation Studies. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada.

Zimring, F.E., and Hawkins, G.J. (1973). Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

مراجع الفصل التاسع

Bales, W. D., & Mears, D. P. (2008). Inmate social ties and the transition to society: Does visita¬tion reduce recidivism? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(3), 287–321.

Barker, E. D., Seguin, J. R., White, H. R., Bates, M. E., Lacourse, E., Carbonneau, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). Devel-opmental trajectories of male physical violence and theft: Rela¬tions to neurocognitive performance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 592–599.

Barker, E. D., Vitaro, F., Lacourse, ƒ., Fontaine, N. M. G., Carbonneau, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2010). Testing the de-velopmental distinctiveness of male proactive and reactive aggression with a nested longitudinal experimental in-tervention. Aggressive Behavior, 36(2), 127–140.

Baskin, D. R., & Sommers, I. B. (1998). Casualties of community disorder: Women’s careers in violent crime. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Beccaria, C. (1764/1992). An essay on crimes and punishments. Edited and with an introduction by Adolph Caso, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: International Pocket Library.

Bersani, B. E., Laub, J. H., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2009). Marriage and desistance from crime in the Netherlands: Do gender and socio-historical context matter? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(1), 3–24.

Blokland, A. A., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2005). The effects of life circumstances on longitudinal tra¬jectories of offending. Criminology, 43(4), 1203–1240.

Blokland, A. A. J., Nagin, D., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2005). Life span offending trajectories of a Dutch conviction cohort. Criminology, 43(4), 919–954.

Blonigen, D. M. (2010). Explaining the relationship between age and crime: Contributions from the developmental literature on personality. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), 89–100.

Blumstein, A., & Nakamura, K. (2009). Redemption in the presence of widespread criminal background checks. Crim-inology, 47(2), 327–359.

Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Roth, J. A., & Visher, C. A. (eds.). (1986). Criminal careers and “career criminals,” Vol. 1. Report of the Panel on Criminal Careers, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sci-ences.

Brame, B., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Developmental trajectories of physical aggression from school entry to late adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(4), 503–512.

Brestan, E. V., & Eyberg, S. M. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adoles-cents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychol¬ogy, 27(2), 180–189.

Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A., Fergusson,

D., Horwood, J. L., Loeber, R., Laird, R., Lynam, D. R., Moffitt, T. E., Pettit, G. S., & Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmen-tal trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Devel-opmental Psychology, 39(2), 222–245.

Bushway, S. D., Piquero, A. R., Broidy, L. M., Cauffman, E., & Mazerolle, P. (2001). An empirical framework for study-ing desistance as a process. Criminology, 39(2), 491–516.

Bushway, S. D., Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2003). Desistance as a developmental process: A comparison of static and dynamic approaches. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19(2), 129–153.

Casey, B. J., & Jones, R. M. (2010). Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: Implications for substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(12), 1189–1201.

Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(3), 104–110.

Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (2000). (Im)maturity of judgment in adolescence: Why adoles¬cents may be less culpable than adults. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18(6), 741–760.

Cheliotis, L. K. and Jordanoska, A. (2016. The arts of desistance: Assessing the role of arts-based programmes in reducing reoffending. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 55(1–2), 25–41.

Chung, I. J., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Gilchrist, L. D., & Nagin, D. S. (2002). Childhood predictors of offense trajec-tories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39(1), 60–90.

Cochran, J. C. (2012). The ties that bind or the ties that break: Examining the relationship between visitation and prisoner misconduct. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(5), 433–440.

Cruise, K. R., Fernandez, K., McCoy, W. K., Guy, L. S., Colwell, L. H., & Douglas, T. R. (2008). The influence of psy-chosocial maturity on adolescent offenders’ delinquent behavior. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 6(2), 178–194.

Cusson, M., & Pinsonneault, P. (2014). The decision to give up crime. In D. B. Cornish and

R. V. Clarke (eds.), The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending (pp. 72–82). New York: Springer-Verlag.

D’Unger, A. V., Land, K. C., & McCall, P. L. (2002). Sex differences in age patterns of delin¬quent/criminal careers: Results from Poisson latent class analyses of the Philadelphia cohort study. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18(4), 349–375.

D’Unger, A. V., Land, K. C., McCall, P. L., & Nagin, D. S. (1998). How many latent classes of delinquent/criminal ca-reers? Results from mixed Poisson regression analyses. American Journal of Sociology, 103(6), 1593–1630.

DeLisi, M., & Vaughn, M. G. (2011). The importance of neuropsychological deficits relating to self-control and tem-perament to the prevention of serious antisocial behavior. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2(1/2), 12–35.

Dmitrieva, J., Monahan, K. C., Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (2012). Arrested development:

The effects of incarceration on the development of psychosocial maturity. Development and Psychopathology, 24(3), 1073–1090.

Duwe, G., & Clark, V. (2013). Blessed be the social tie that binds the effects of prison visitation on offender recidivism. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(3), 271–296.

Eggleston, E. P., Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2004). Methodological sensitivities to latent class analysis of long-term criminal trajectories. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(1), 1–26.

Farrall, S. (2004). Social capital and offender reintegration: Making probation desistance focused. In S. Maruna & R. Im-marigeon (eds.), After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegra¬tion (pp. 57–84). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Farrall, S., & Calverley, A. (2006). Understanding desistance from crime: Theoretical directions in rehab¬ilitation and resettlement. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Farrall, S., & Maruna, S. (2004). Desistance-focused criminal justice policy research: Introduction to a special issue on desistance from crime and public policy. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4), 358–367.

Farrington, D. P. (1986). Age and crime. Crime and Justice, 7, 189–250.

Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2007). Saving children from a life of crime: Early risk factors and effective interven-tions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Farrington, D. P., & West, D. J. (1995). Effects of marriage, separation, and children on offend¬ing by adult males. Cur-rent Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle, 4, 249–281.

Farrington, D. P., MacKenzie, D. L., Sherman, L. W., & Welsh, B. C. (Eds.). (2003). Evidence-based crime prevention. New York: Routledge.

Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2013). Offending from childhood to late middle age: Recent re-sults from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. New York: Springer.

Farrington, D. P., Ttofi, M. M., Crago, R. V., & Coid, J. W. (2014). Prevalence, frequency, onset, desistance and crimi-nal career duration in self-reports compared with official records. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 24(4), 241–253.

Forrest, W. (2014). Cohabitation, relationship quality, and desistance from crime. Journal of Mar¬riage and Family, 76(3), 539–556.

Giedd, J. N. (2008). The teen brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 335–343.

Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.

Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 107(4), 990–1064.

Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., Schroeder, R. D., & Seffrin, P. M. (2008). A life-course perspective on spirituality and desistance from crime. Criminology, 46(1), 99–132.

Glaser, D. (1964). The effectiveness of a prison and parole system. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1937/1966). Later criminal careers. New York: Common-wealth Fund.

Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. New York: Common¬wealth Fund.

Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1968). Delinquents and nondelinquents in perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-sity Press.

Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni¬versity Press.

Grossman, D. C., Neckerman, H. J., Koepsell, T. D., Liu, P. Y., Asher, K. N., Beland, K., Frey, K., & Rivara, F. P. (1997). Effectiveness of a violence prevention curriculum among children in elementary school: A randomized con-trolled trial. JAMA, 277(20), 1605–1611.

Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence. New York: Appleton.

Hawkins, J. D., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2005). Promot¬ing positive adult function-ing through social development intervention in childhood: Long¬term effects from the Seattle Social Development Project. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159(1), 25–31.

Healy, D. (2010). The dynamics of desistance: Charting pathways through change. London: Routledge. Heckman, J. J., Pinto, R., & Savelyev, P. A. (2012). Understanding the mechanisms through which an influential early childhood program boosted adult outcomes (No. w18581). National Bureau of Eco-nomic Research.

Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89(3), 552–584.

Horney, J., Osgood, D. W., & Marshall, I. H. (1995). Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review, 60(5), 655–673.

Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., & Boxer, P. (2009). Continuity of aggression from childhood to early adulthood as a predictor of life outcomes: Implications for the adolescent-limited and life-course persistent models. Aggressive Be-havior, 35(2), 136–149.

Jennings, W. G., & Reingle, J. (2012). On the number and shape of developmental/life-course violence, aggression, and delinquency trajectories: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(6), 472–489.

Jennings, W. G., Maldonado-Molina, M. M., & Komro, K. A. (2010). Sex similarities/differ-ences in trajectories of de-linquency among Chicago youth: The role of delinquent peers. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1), 56–75.

Jennings, W. G., Zgoba, K., Piquero, A. R., & Reingle, J. (2013). Offending trajectories among native-born and foreign-born Hispanics to late middle age. Sociological Inquiry, 83(4), 622–647.

Jones, B. L., Nagin, D. S., & Roeder, K. (2001). A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmen-tal trajectories. Sociological Methods and Research, 29(3), 374–393.

Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The rela-tionship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, e-view ahead of print. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302630.

Kazemian, L. (2007). Desistance from crime theoretical, empirical, methodological, and policy considerations. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(1), 5–27.

Kazemian, L. (2015). Desistance from crime and antisocial behavior. In J. Morizot & L. Kazemian (eds.), The devel-opment of criminal and antisocial behavior (pp. 295–312). New York: Springer.

Kim, R. H., & Clark, D. (2013). The effect of prison-based college education programs on recidivism: Propensity score matching approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(3), 196–204.

King, S. (2013). Early desistance narratives: A qualitative analysis of probationers’ transitions towards desistance. Pun-ishment and Society, 15(2), 147–165.

King, S. (2014). Desistance transitions and the impact of probation. New York: Routledge.

Kirk, D. S. (2012). Residential change as a turning point in the life course of crime: Desistance or temporary cessation? Criminology, 50(2), 329–358.

Kreager, D. A., Matsueda, R. L., & Erosheva, E. A. (2010). Motherhood and criminal desistance in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Criminology, 48(1), 221–258.

Kruttschnitt, C., Uggen, C., & Shelton, K. (2000). Predictors of desistance among sex offenders: The interaction of formal and informal social controls. Justice Quarterly, 17(1), 61–87.

Lambie, I., & Randell, I. (2013). The impact of incarceration on juvenile offenders. Clinical Psy¬chology Review, 33(3), 448–459.

Landenberger, N. A., & Lipsey, M. W. (2005). The positive effects of cognitive–behavioral pro¬grams for offenders: A meta-analysis of factors associated with effective treatment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(4), 451–476.

Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 28, 1–69.

Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Laub, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Sampson, R. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 225–238.

Lemert, E. M. (1951). Social pathology: Systematic approaches to the study of sociopathic behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2006). Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical mag-netic resonance imaging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(6), 718–729.

Lenroot, R. K., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D. K., Wells, E. M., Wallace, G. L., Clasen, L. S., Blu-

menthal, J. D., Lerch, J., Zijdenbos, A. P., Evans, A. C., Thompson, P. M., & Giedd, J. N. (2007). Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adoles¬cence. Neuroimage, 36(4), 1065–1073.

Loeber, R., Hoeve, M., Slot, N. W., & Van Der Laan, P. H. (Eds.) (2012). Persisters and desisters in crime from adolescence into adult-hood: Explanation, prevention, and punishment. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Lussier, P., McCuish, E., & Corrado, R. R. (2015). The adolescence–adulthood transition and desistance from crime: Examining the underlying structure of desistance. Journal of Develop¬mental and Life-Course Criminology, 1(2), 87–117.

Maldonado-Molina, M. M., Jennings, W. G., & Komro, K. A. (2010). Effects of alcohol on tra¬jectories of physical ag-gression among urban youth: An application of latent trajectory modeling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(9), 1012–1026.

Maldonado-Molina, M. M., Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Bird, H., & Canino, G. (2009). Trajectories of delinquency among Puerto Rican children and adolescents at two sites. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46(2), 144–181.

Maldonado-Molina, M. M., Reingle, J. M., Tobler, A. L., Jennings, W. G., & Komro, K. A. (2010). Trajectories of physi-cal aggression among Hispanic urban adolescents and young adults: An application of latent trajectory modeling from ages 12 to 18. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(3), 121–133.

Marsh, B. (2011). Narrating desistance: Identity change and the 12-step script. Irish Probation Journal, 8, 49–68.

Maruna, S. (1999). Desistance and development: The psychosocial process of “going straight.” In

M. Brogden, The British Criminology Conferences: Selected Proceedings, Vol. 2. British Criminol¬ogy Conference, Queen’s University Belfast, 15–19 July 1998. Available online at: www.brit-soccrim.org/v2.htm.

Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: APA.

Maruna, S., & LeBel, T. (2012). The desistance paradigm in correctional practice: From pro¬grams to lives. In F. McNeill, P. Raynor, & C. Trotter (eds.), Offender supervision: New direc¬tions in theory, research and practice (pp. 65–89). New York: Routledge.

Maruna, S., & Toch, H. (2005). The impact of imprisonment on the desistance process. In J. Travis & C. Visher (eds.), Prisoner reentry and crime in America (pp. 139–178). New York: Cam¬bridge University Press.

Maruna, S., Lebel, T. P., Mitchell, N., & Naples, M. (2004). Pygmalion in the reintegration process: Desistance from crime through the looking glass. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10(3), 271–281.

Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2007). Subjective desistance and the transition to adulthood. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(1), 90–103.

Massoglia, M., and Uggen, C. (2010) Settling down and aging out: Toward an interactionist theory of desistance and the transition to adulthood. American Journal of Sociology, 116(2), 543–582.

Maume, M. O., Ousey, G. C., & Beaver, K. (2005). Cutting the grass: A reexamination of the link between marital attachment, delinquent peers and desistance from marijuana use. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21(1), 27–53.

McNeill, F. (2006). A desistance paradigm for offender management. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(1), 39–62.

McNeill, F., Farrall, S., Lightowler, C., & Maruna, S. (2012). Reexamining evidence-based practice in community correc-tions: Beyond “a-confined view” of what works. Justice Research and Policy, 14(1), 35–60.

Mears, D. P., Cochran, J. C., Siennick, S. E., & Bales, W. D. (2012). Prison visitation and recid¬ivism. Justice Quarterly, 29(6), 888–918.

Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701.

Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., & Mulvey, E. P. (2009). Trajectories of antisocial behavior and psychoso-cial maturity from adolescence to young adulthood. Developmental Psy¬chology, 45(6), 1654–1668.

Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., & Mulvey, E. P. (2013). Psychosocial (im)matu-rity from adolescence to early adulthood: Distinguishing between adolescence-limited and per¬sisting antisocial behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4), 1093–1105.

Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. R. (2015). Juvenile justice policy and practice: A developmental perspective. In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 44, pp. 557–619). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Mulvey, E. P. (2004). Introduction pathways to desistance study. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(3), 211–212.

Mulvey, E. P., Steinberg, L., Fagan, J., Cauffman, E., Piquero, A. R., Chassin, L., Knight, G. P., Brame, R., Schubert, C. A., Hecker, T., & Losoya, S. H. (2004). Theory and research on desistance from antisocial activity among serious adolescent offenders. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(3), 213–236.

Nagin, D. S. (2005). Group-based modeling of development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Nagin, D. S. (2010). Group-based trajectory modeling: An overview. In A. R. Piquero and D. Weisburd (eds.), Hand-book of quantitative criminology (pp. 53–67). Springer: New York.

Nagin, D. S., & Land, K. C. (1993). Age, criminal careers, and population heterogeneity: Speci¬fication and estimation of a nonparametric mixed Poisson model. Criminology, 31(3), 327–362. Olds, D., Henderson Jr, C. R., Cole, R., Ecken-rode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., Pettitt, L., Sidora, K., Morris, P., & Powers, J. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children’s criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled tri-al.

JAMA, 280(14), 1238–1244.

Opsal, T. (2012). “Livin’ on the straights”: Identity, desistance, and work among women post-incarceration. Sociologi-cal Inquiry, 82(3), 378–403.

Paternoster, R. (1989). Decisions to participate in and desist from four types of common delin¬quency: Deterrence and the rational choice perspective. Law and Society Review, 23(1), 7–40.

Paternoster, R., & Bushway, S. (2009). Desistance and the “feared self”: Toward an identity theory of criminal de-sistance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 99(4), 1103–1156.

Paus, T. (2005). Mapping brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 60–68.

Piquero, A. R. (2004). Somewhere between persistence and desistance: The intermittency of criminal careers. In S. Maruna & R. Immarigeon (eds.), After crime and punishment (pp. 102–129). New York: Routledge.

Piquero, A. R. (2008). Taking stock of developmental trajectories of criminal activity over the life-course. In A. M. Liberman (ed.), The long view of crime: A synthesis of longitudinal research (pp. 23–78). Springer: New York.

Piquero, A. R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Haapanen, R. (2002). Crime in emerging adult¬hood. Criminology, 40(1), 137–170.

Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2003). The criminal career paradigm. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 30, 359–506.

Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5(2), 83–120.

Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). On the malleability of self-control: Theoretical and policy implications regarding a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 27(6), 803–834.

Quetelet, A. (1831/1984). Adolphe Quetelet’s research on the propensity for crime at different ages

(Trans. S. F. Sylvester). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company.

Reingle, J. M., Jennings, W. G., & Maldonado-Molina, M. M. (2011). The mediated effect of contextual risk factors on trajectories of violence: Results from a nationally representative, longit¬udinal sample of Hispanic adolescents. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(4), 327–343.

Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: Replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 8(4), 611–622.

Robinson, G., & Shapland, J. (2008). Reducing recidivism: A task for restorative justice? British Journal of Criminology, 48(3), 337–358.

Rocque, M. (2015). The lost concept: The (re)emerging link between maturation and desistance from crime. Crimi-nology and Criminal Justice, 15(3), 340–360.

Rocque, M., & Welsh, B. C. (2014). Offender rehabilitation from a maturation/biosocial per¬spective. In M. DeLisi & M. G. Vaughn (eds.), The Routledge international handbook of biosocial criminology (pp. 501–515). New York: Routledge.

Rocque, M., Welsh, B. C., & Raine, A. (2012). Biosocial criminology and modern crime pre¬vention. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(4), 306–312.

Rosenbaum, D. P. (1988). Community crime prevention: A review and synthesis of the liter¬ature. Justice Quarterly, 5(3), 323–395.

Rumgay, J. (2004). Scripts for safer survival: Pathways out of female crime. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4), 405–419.

Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 71–90.

Savolainen, J. (2009). Work, family and criminal desistance adult social bonds in a Nordic welfare state. British Journal of Criminology, 49(3), 285–304.

Shover, N. (1985). Aging criminals. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Shover, N. (1996). Great pretenders: Pursuits and careers of persistent thieves. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(4), 417–463.

Spear, L. P. (2007). The developing brain and adolescent-typical behavior patterns: An evolutionary approach. In D. Romer & E. F. Walker (eds.) Adolescent psychopathology and the developing brain: Integrating brain and prevention science (pp. 9–30). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28(1), 78–106.

Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1996). Maturity of judgment in adolescence: Psychosocial factors in adolescent decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 20(3), 249–272.

Stevens, A. (2012). “I am the person now I was always meant to be”: Identity reconstruction and narrative reframing in therapeutic community prisons. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 12(5), 527–547.

Sutton, J. H. (1994). Children in the therapeutic state: Lessons for the sociology of deviance and social control. In G. S. Bridges and M. A. Myers (eds.), Inequality, crime, and social control (pp. 227–248). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Sweeten, G., Piquero, A. R., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Age and the explanation of crime, revis¬ited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(6), 921–938.

Uggen, C. (2000). Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: A duration model of age, employment, and recidivism. American Sociological Review, 65(4), 529–546.

Uggen, C., & Massoglia, M. (2003). Desistance from crime as a turning point in the life course. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 311–329). New York: Plenum Publishing.

Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., & Rosen, L. H. (2009). Continuity and change in social and physical aggression from middle childhood through early adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 35(5), 357–375.

Vaske, J., Galyean, K., & Cullen, F. T. (2011). Toward a biosocial theory of offender rehabilita¬tion: Why does cognitive-behavioral therapy work? Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(1), 90–102. Vaughan, B. (2007). The internal narrative of de-sistance. British Journal of Criminology, 47(3), 390–404.

Walsh, A. (2014). Biosociology: Bridging the biology-sociology divide. New Brunswick, NJ: Trans¬action Publishers.

Ward, T. (2002). Good lives and the rehabilitation of offenders: Promises and problems. Aggres¬sion and Violent Behav-ior, 7(5), 513–528.

Ward, T., & Maruna, S. (2007). Rehabilitation. New York: Routledge.

Ward, T., Fox, K. J., & Garber, M. (2014). Restorative justice, offender rehabilitation and desist¬ance. Restorative Jus-tice, 2(1), 24–42.

Ward, T., Yates, P. M., & Willis, G. M. (2012). The good lives model and the risk need respon-sivity model a critical re-sponse to Andrews, Bonta, and Wormith (2011). Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(1), 94–110.

Warr, M. (1998). Life-course transitions and desistance from crime. Criminology, 36(2), 183–216. Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (eds.). (2007). Preventing crime: What works for children, offenders, victims, and places. New York: Springer.

Wilson, D. B., Gallagher, C. A., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2000). A meta-analysis of corrections-based education, vocation, and work programs for adult offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(4), 347–368.

Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature: The definitive study of the causes of crime. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Wolfgang, M. E., Figlio, R. M., & Sellin, T. (1972/1987). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Yessine, A. K., & Bonta, J. (2009). The offending trajectories of youthful Aboriginal offenders.

Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 51(4), 435–472.

Yoshikawa, H. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on social outcomes and delinquency. Future of Children, 5(3), 51–75.

Zoutewelle-Terovan, M., van der Geest, V., Liefbroer, A., & Bijleveld, C. (2014). Criminality and family formation: Ef-fects of marriage and parenthood on criminal behavior for men and women. Crime and Delinquency, 60(8), 1209–1234.

مراجع الفصل العاشر

Armitage, R. (2012) Making a brave transition from research to reality. In: Ekblom, P. (ed.) Design Against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Objects. Crime Prevention Studies 27. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Behavioural Insights Team (2014) Reducing Mobile Phone Theft and Improving Security. London: Home Office.

Booch, G. (1993) Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications, 2nd edition. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Professional.

Bowers, K., Sidebottom, A. and Ekblom, P. (2009) CRITIC: A prospective planning tool for

crime prevention evaluation designs. Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11(1), 48–70.

Brown, R. (2013) Reviewing the effectiveness of electronic vehicle immobilisation: Evidence

from four countries. Security Journal doi: 10.1057/sj.2012.55.

Clarke, R. (1999) Hot products: Understanding, anticipating and reducing demand for stolen

goods. Police Research Series Paper 112, Home Office, London.

Clarke, R. (2008) Situational crime prevention. In: Wortley, R. and Mazerolle, L. (eds) Environ¬mental Criminology and Crime Analysis. Cullompton: Willan.

Clarke, R. and Eck, J. (2003) Become a Problem Solving Crime Analyst in 55 Small Steps. London: Jill Dando Insti-tute, University College London.

Clarke, R. and Newman, G. (2005) Modifying criminogenic products: What role for govern¬ment? In: Clarke, R. and Newman, G. (eds) Designing out Crime from Products and Systems. Crime Prevention Studies 18. Cullompton: Willan.

Cohen, L. and Felson, M. (1979) Social change and crime rate changes: A routine activities approach. American Sociological Review 44, 588–608.

Collins, B. and Mansell, R. (2004) Cyber Trust and Crime Prevention: A Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art Science Reviews, www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/299219/04-1147-cyber-trust-reviews.pdf.

Cornish, D. (1994) The procedural analysis of offending and its relevance for situational pre¬vention. In: Clarke, R. (ed.) Crime Prevention Studies vol. 3. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Di Tella, R., Edwards, S. and Schargrodsky, E. (eds) (2010) The Economics of Crime: Lessons for and from Latin America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Dorst, K. (2015) Frame Innovation: Create New Thinking by Design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

DTI (2000) Turning the Corner: Report of Foresight Programme’s Crime Prevention Panel. London:

Department of Trade and Industry.

Ekblom, P. (1997) Gearing up against crime: A dynamic framework to help designers keep up with the adaptive crimi-nal in a changing world. International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention 2(4), 249–266.

Ekblom, P. (1999) Can we make crime prevention adaptive by learning from other evolutionary struggles? Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention 8(1), 27–51.

Ekblom, P. (2005) How to police the future: Scanning for scientific and technological innova¬tions which generate po-tential threats and opportunities in crime, policing and crime reduc¬tion. In: Smith, M. and Tilley, N. (eds) Crime Science: New Approaches to Preventing and Detecting Crime. Cullompton: Willan.

Ekblom, P. (2007) Making offenders richer. In: Farrell, G., Bowers, K., Johnson, S. and Towns¬ley, M. (eds) Imagina-tion for Crime Prevention: Essays in Honour of Ken Pease. Crime Prevention Studies 21: Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Ekblom, P. (2011) Crime Prevention, Security and Community Safety using the 5Is Framework. Bas- ingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ekblom, P. (2012a) Happy returns: Ideas brought back from situational crime prevention’s exploration of design against crime. In: Farrell, G. and Tilley, N. (eds) The Reasoning Criminol¬ogist: Essays in Honour of Ronald V. Clarke. Crime Science series. Cullompton: Willan.

Ekblom, P. (2012b) The Security Function Framework: Towards a systematic language and approach for designing against crime. In: Ekblom, P. (ed.) Design Against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Objects. Crime Prevention Studies 27. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Ekblom, P. (2016) Terrorism: Lessons from natural and human co-evolutionary arms races. In: Taylor, M., Roach, J. and Pease, K. (eds) Evolutionary Psychology and Terrorism. London: Routledge.

Ekblom, P. and Gill, M. (2015) Rewriting the script: Cross-disciplinary exploration and concep¬tual consolidation of the procedural analysis of crime. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research doi: 10.1007/s10610-015-9291-9.

Ekblom, P. and Hirschfield, A. (2014) Developing an alternative formulation of SCP principles:

The Ds (11 and counting). Crime Science 3(2).

Ekblom, P. and Pease, K. (2014) Innovation and crime prevention. In: Bruinsma, G. and Weisburd, D. (eds) Ency-clopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

Ekblom, P. and Tilley, N. (2000) Going equipped: Criminology, situational crime prevention

and the resourceful offender. British Journal of Criminology 40, 376–398.

Ekblom, P., Bowers, K., Gamman, L., Sidebottom, A., Thomas, C., Thorpe, A. and Willcocks,

M. (2012) Reducing handbag theft in bars. In: Ekblom, P. (ed.) Design Against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Ob-jects. Crime Prevention Studies 27. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Farrell, G. (2013) Five tests for a theory of the crime drop. Crime Science 2(5).

Felson, M. (2006) Crime and Nature. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Felson, M. and Clarke, R. (1998) Opportunity makes the thief: Practical theory for crime pre¬vention. Home Office Police Research Series 98. Available from http://webarchive.nation-alarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fprs98.pdf.

Gamman, L. and Pascoe, T. (eds) (2004) Seeing is Believing, special issue of Crime Prevention and Community Safe-ty Journal 6(4).

Gamman, L., Thorpe, A., Malpass, M. and Liparova, E. (2012) Hey babe – take a walk on the wild side! Why role-playing and visualization of user and abuser ‘scripts’ offer useful tools to effect¬ively ‘think thief’ and build empathy to design against crime. Design and Culture 4(2), 171–193.

Gill, M. (2005) Reducing the capacity to offend: Restricting resources for offending. In: Tilley,

N. (ed.) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Cullompton: Willan.

Gill, M. and Clarke, R. (2012) Slowing thefts of fast-moving goods. In: Ekblom, P. (ed.) Design Against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Products. Crime Prevention Studies 27. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Hilton, K. and Irons, A. (2006) A ‘criminal personas’ approach to countering criminal creativity.

Crime Prevention and Community Safety 8, 248–259.

HM Treasury (2005) The Cox Review of Creativity in Business. London: HM Treasury.

Home Office (2006) Changing behaviour to prevent crime: An incentives-based approach. Online report 05/06, Home Office, London. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov. uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/rdsolr0506.pdf.

Krebs, B. (2011) Gang used 3D printers for ATM skimmers. http://krebsonsecurity. com/2011/09/gang-used-3d-printers-for-atm-skimmers/.

Lasky, N., Fisher, B. and Jacques, S. (2015) ‘Thinking thief’ in the crime prevention arms race: Lessons learned from shoplifters. Security Journal doi: 10.1057/sj.2015.21.

Laycock, G. (2004) The UK Car Theft Index: An example of government leverage. In: Max¬field, M. and Clarke, R. (eds) Understanding and Preventing Car Theft. Crime Prevention Studies

Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Learmount, S. (2005) Design against crime. In: Clarke, R. and Newman, G. (eds) Designing out Crime from Products and Systems. Crime Prevention Studies 18. Cullompton: Willan.

Lulham, R., Camacho Duarte, O., Dorst, K. and Kaldor, L. (2012) Designing a counterterrorism trash bin. In: Ekblom, P. (ed.) Design Against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Objects. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Meyer, S. and Ekblom, P. (2011) Specifying the explosion-resistant railway carriage: A desktop test of the Security Function Framework. Journal of Transportation Security 5, 69–85.

Newman, G. (2012) A market approach to crime prevention. In: Ekblom, P. (ed.) Design Against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Objects. Crime Prevention Studies 27. Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner.

Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. (1997) Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage.

Pease, K. (2001) Cracking Crime through Design. London: Design Council.

Pease, K. (2010) Crime science. In: Shoham, S., Knepper, P. and Kett, M. (eds) International Handbook of Crimi-nology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Roman, J. and Farrell, G. (2002). Cost–benefit analysis for crime prevention: Opportunity costs,

routine savings and crime externalities. Crime Prevention Studies 14, 53–92.

Sagarin, R. and Taylor, T. (eds) (2008) Natural Security: A Darwinian Approach to a Dangerous World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Schšn, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. London: Temple Smith.

Shover, N. (1996) Great Pretenders: Pursuits and Careers of Persistent Thieves. London: Westview Press/Harper Collins.

Sidebottom, A., Johnson, S. and Thorpe, A. (2009) Using targeted publicity to reduce oppor¬tunities for bicycle theft: A demonstration and replication. European Journal of Criminology 6, 267–286.

Stevens, Sir J. and Ross, N. (2000) Police Foundation Lecture 2000. Police Foundation, London.

Thorpe, A. (2013) ATM Art Evaluation Programme. London: Socially Responsive Design and Innovation Press. ISBN 978-0-9570719-3-3.

Thorpe, A., Gamman, L., Ekblom, P., Johnson, S. and Sidebottom, A. (2009) Bike Off 2: Cata¬lysing anti-theft bike, bike parking and information design for the 21st century: An open innovation research approach. In: Inns, T. (ed.) Designing for the 21st Century, Volume 2: Inter¬disciplinary Methods and Findings. Farnham, Gower.

Thorpe, A., Johnson, S. and Sidebottom, A. (2012) Designing against bicycle theft. In: Ekblom,

P. (ed.) Design Against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Products. Crime Prevention Studies 27. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Tilley, N. (1993) After Kirkholt: Theory, methods and results of replication evaluations. Crime Prevention Unit Pa-per 47, Home Office, London.

Whitehead, S., Mailley, J., Storer, I., McCardle, J., Torrens, G. and Farrell, G. (2008) IN SAFE HANDS: A review of mobile phone anti-theft designs. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 14, 39–60.

Wortley, R. (2008) Situational precipitators of crime. In: Wortley, R. and Mazerolle, L. (eds)

Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis. Cullompton: Willan.

مراجع الفصل 11

Armitage, R. (2000) An Evaluation of Secured by Design Housing within West Yorkshire –Briefing Note 7/00. Home Office, London.

Armitage, R. (2006) Predicting and Preventing: Developing a Risk Assessment Mechanism for Res¬idential Housing. Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal. 8(3), 137–149.

Armitage, R. (2013) Crime Prevention through Housing Design: Policy and Practice. Crime Preven¬tion and Security Management Series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Armitage, R. and Joyce, C. (in press) Why my house? Exploring offender perspectives on risk and protec-tive factors in residential housing design. In: R. Armitage and P. Ekblom (eds) Rebuilding Crime Preven-tion through Environmental Design. Oxford: Routledge.

Armitage, R. and Monchuk, L. (2011) Sustaining the Crime Reduction Impact of Secured by Design: 1999 to 2009. Security Journal. 24(4), 320–343.

Armitage, R., Monchuk, L. and Rogerson, M. (2010) It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Assessing the Impact of Award Winning Design on Crime. Special Volume of Euro¬pean Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 17(1), 29–54.

Association of British Insurers (2006) Securing the Nation. London: Association of British Insurers. Atlas, R. and LeBlanc, W.G. (1994) The Impact On Crime Of Street Closures And Barricades:

A Florida Case Study. Security Journal. 5, 140–145.

Beavon, D.J.K., Brantingham, P.L. and Brantingham, P.J. (1994) The Influence of Street Net¬works on the Patterning of Property Offences. In: R.V. Clarke (ed.) Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 2. Monsey NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Bevis, C. and Nutter, J.B. (1977) Changing Street Layouts to Reduce Residential Burglary. Paper presented to the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA.

Brantingham, P.L. and Brantingham, P.J. (1981) Environmental Criminology. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage. Brantingham, P.L. and Brantingham, P.J. (1984) Burglar Mobility and Preventive Planning. In: R.V. Clarke and T. Hope (eds) Coping with Burglary: Research Perspectives on Policy. Boston, MA: Kluwer-Nijhoff.

Brown, B.B. and Altman, I. (1983) Territoriality, Defensible Space and Residential Burglary: An Environ-mental Analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 3, 203–220.

Brown, B.B. and Bentley, D. (1993) Residential Burglars Judge Risk: The Role of Territoriality.

Journal of Environmental Psychology. 13, 51–61.

Brown, J. (1999) An Evaluation of the Secured by Design Initiative in Gwent, South Wales. Unpublished MSc dissertation, Scarman Centre for the Study of Public Order, Leicester.

Budd, T. (1999) Burglary of Domestic Dwellings: Findings from the British Crime Survey –Issue 4/1999, Home Office, London.

Clarke, R.V. and Weisburd, D. (1994) Diffusion of Crime Control Benefits: Observations on the Reverse of Displacement. In: R.V. Clarke (ed.) Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 2. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review. 44, 588–608.

Coleman, A. (1986) Utopia on Trial: Vision and Reality in Planned Housing. London: Hilary Shipman.

Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (1986) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Cozens, P. (2007) Planning, Crime and Urban Sustainability. Transactions on Ecology and the Environ-ment. 102, 187–196.

Cozens, P. (2008) New Urbanism, Crime and the Suburbs: A Review of the Evidence. Urban Policy and Re-search. 26(3), 1–16.

Cozens, P. (2011) Urban Planning and Environmental Criminology: Towards a New Per¬spective for Safer Cities. Planning Practice and Research. 26(4), 481–508.

Cozens, P., Hillier, D. and Prescott, G. (2001) Defensible Space: Burglars and Police Evaluate Urban Resi-dential Design. Security Journal. 14, 43–62.

Cozens, P., Hillier, D. and Prescott, G. (2002a) Gerontological Perspectives on Crime and Nuis¬ance: The Elderly Critically Evaluate Housing Designs in the British City. Journal of Aging and Social Policy. 14(2), 63–83.

Cozens, P., Hillier, D. and Prescott, G. (2002b) Criminogenic Associations and Characteristic British Housing Designs. International Planning Studies. 7(2), 119–136.

Cozens, P., Saville, G. and Hillier, D. (2005) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED): A Review and Modern Bibliography. Property Management. 23, 328–356.

Cromwell, P.F., Olson, J.N. and Avary, D. (1991) Breaking and Entering: An Ethnographic Analysis of Burglary. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Crowe, T. (2000) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, 2nd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Davis Langdon (2010) ACPO Crime Prevention Initiatives Limited: Capital Costs of Secured by Design Accreditation. Unpublished report for ACPO SBD.

Dewberry, E. (2003) Designing out Crime: Insights from Eco-Design. Security Journal. 16, 51–62. Donnel-ly, P.G. and Kimble, C.E. (1997) Community Organizing, Environmental Change, and

Neighbourhood Crime. Crime and Delinquency. 43, 493–511.

Eck, J.E. (2002) Preventing Crime at Places. In: L.W. Sherman, D.P. Farrington, B.C. Welsh and D. Layton MacKenzie (eds) Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. New York: Routledge.

Ekblom, P. (2011) Deconstructing CPTED . . . and Reconstructing it for Practice, Knowledge, Management and Research. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 17, 7–28.

Farrington, D.P. and Welsh, B.C. (2009) Making Public Places Safer: Surveillance and Crime Preven¬tion. New York: Oxford University Press.

Feeney, F. (1986) Robbers as Decision Makers. In: D. Cornish and R. Clarke (eds) The Reason¬ing Criminal. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Gabor, T. (1987) Armed Robbery: Cops, Robbers, and Victims. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Garland, D. (1996) Limits of the Sovereign State: Strategies of Crime Control in Contemporary

Societies. British Journal of Criminology. 36, 445–471.

Gelfand, D.M., Hartmann, D.P., Walder, P. and Page, B. (1973) Who Reports Shoplifting? A Field-Experimental Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 25(2), 276–285.

Groff, E.R. and LaVigne, N.G. (2001) Mapping an Opportunity Surface of Residential Burglary.

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 38(3), 257–278.

Hakim, S., Rengert, G. and Shachamurove, Y. (2001). Target Search of Burglars: A Revised Economic Model. Papers in Regional Science. 6(4), 445–464.

Hillier, B. (2004) Can Streets be made Safer? Urban Design International. 9, 31–45.

Hillier, B. and Sahbaz, O. (2009) Crime and Urban Design: An Evidence-based Approach. In R. Cooper, G. Evans and C. Boyko (eds) Designing Sustainable Cities. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Hillier, B. and Shu, S. (1998) Crime and Urban Layout: The Need for Evidence. Home Office Crime Prevention College, Easingwold.

Hillier, B. and Shu, S. (2000) Crime and Urban Layout: The Need for Evidence. In: S. Ball-intyne, K. Pease and V. McLaren (eds) Secure Foundations: Key Issues in Crime Prevention, Crime Reduction and Community Safety. London: Institute of Public Policy Research.

Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House. Johnson, S. and Bowers, K.J. (2010) Permeability and Burglary Risk: Are Cul-de-Sacs Safer?

Quantitative Journal of Criminology. 26(1), 89–111.

Jones, M. and Fanek, M. (1997) Crime in the Urban Environment. Proceedings, First Inter¬national Space Syntax Symposium, Vol. II, London, 25.1–25.11.

Keizer, K., Lindenberg, S. and Steg, L. (2008) The Spreading of Disorder. Science. 322(5908), 1681–1685.

Lasley, J. (1998) Designing Out Gang Homicides and Street Assaults. Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice.

Latane, B. and Darley, J.M. (1970) The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn’t He Help? New York: Ap-pleton-Century-Crofts.

Letkemann, P. (1973) Crime as Work. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Matthews, R. (1992) Regulating Street Prostitution. British Journal of Criminology. 32(1), 18–34. Mayhew, P. (1979) Defensible Space: The Current Status of a Crime Prevention Theory.

Howard Journal. 18, 150–159.

Mirrlees-Black, C., Budd, T., Partridge, S. and Mayhew, P. (1998) The 1998 British Crime Survey: Eng-land and Wales. Home Office, London.

Monchuk, L. (2011) The Way Forward in Designing Out Crime? Greater Manchester Police Design for Se-curity Consultancy. Safer Communities: A Journal of Practice, Opinion, Policy and Research. 10(3), 31–40.

Montoya, L., Junger, M. and Ongena, Y. (2014) The Relation between Residential Property and its Sur-roundings and Day- and Night-Time Residential Burglary. Environment and Behav¬ior. 1–35. ISSN 0013-9165.

Nee, C. and Meenaghan, A. (2006) Expert Decision Making in Burglars. British Journal of Crimi¬nology. 46, 935–949.

Newman, O. (1973) Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City. London: Architectural Press.

Newman, O. (1995) Defensible Space: A New Physical Planning Tool for Urban Revitalization.

American Planning Association Journal. 61(2), 149–155.

Newman, O. (1996) Creating Defensible Space. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, Center for Urban Policy Research.

Nubani, L. and Wineman, J. (2005) The Role of Space Syntax in Identifying the Relationship Between Space and Crime. Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the Fifth Space Syntax Sym¬posium on Space Syntax, Delft, Holland.

Office for National Statistics (2015) Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2015. Sta¬tistical Bulle-tin.

Pascoe, T. (1999) Evaluation of Secured by Design in Public Sector Housing – Final Report. Watford: BRE.

Pease, K. and Gill, M. (2011) Direct and Indirect Costs and Benefits of Home Security and Place Design. Leicester: Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International Ltd.

Poyner, B. (1983) Design Against Crime: Beyond Defensible Space. London: Butterworth. Poyner, B. and Webb, B. (1991) Crime Free Housing. Oxford: Butterworth.

Rengert, G. and Hakim, S. (1998) Burglary in Affluent Communities: A Planning Perspective. In: M. Fel-son and R.B. Pieser (eds) Reducing Crime Through Real Estate Development and Man¬agement. Wash-ington, DC: Urban Land Institute.

Rengert, G.F. and Wasilchick, J. (2000) Suburban Burglary: A Tale of Two Suburbs, 2nd edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.

Reppetto, T.A. (1974) Residential Crime. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Reynald, D. (2009) Guardianship in Action: Developing a New Tool for Measurement. Crime Prevention and Community Safety. 11, 1–20.

Rosenthal, A. (1964) Thirty-Eight Witnesses. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Rubenstein, H., Rouse, W.V. and Motoyama, T. (1980) The Link Between Crime and the Built Environ-ment: The Current State of Knowledge. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Shu, S. (2000) Housing Layout and Crime Vulnerability. Urban Design International. 5, 177–188. Shu, S. and Huang, J. (2003) Spatial Configuration and Vulnerability of Residential Burglary: A

Case Study of a City in Taiwan. In J. Hanson (ed.) Proceedings, 4th International Space Syntax Symposium. London: University College London.

Simon, F.H. (1971) Prediction Methods in Criminology: Including a Prediction Study of Young Men on Probation. Home Office Research Study 7, Home Office, London.

Skogan, W.G. (1990) Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighbour¬hoods. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Taylor, M. and Nee, C. (1988) The Role of Cues in Simulated Residential Burglary. British Journal of Crimi-nology. 238, 396–401.

Taylor, R. (2002) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED): Yes, No, Maybe, Un-knowable and All of the Above. In: R.B. Bechtel and A. Churchman (eds) Hand¬book of Environmental Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Son.

Taylor, R. and Gottfredson, S.D. (1987) Environmental Design, Crime and Prevention: An Examination of Community Dynamics. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of the Research. 8, 387–416.

Teedon, P., Reid, T., Griffiths, P., Lindsay, K., Glen, S., McFayden, A. and Cruz, P. (2009)

Secured by Design Impact Evaluation Final Report. Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian University. Teedon, P., Reid, T., Griffiths, P. and McFayden, A. (2010) Evaluating Secured by Design

Door and Window Installations. Crime Prevention and Community Safety. 12(4), 246–262. Tilley, N., Thompson, R., Farrell, G., Grove, L. and Tseloni, A. (2015) Do Burglar Alarms

Increase Burglary Risk? A Counterintuitive Finding and Possible Explanations. Crime Preven¬tion and Community Safety. 17, 1–19.

Tseloni, A., Thompson, R., Grove, L.E., Tilley, N. and Farrell, G. (2014) The Effectiveness of Burglary Se-curity Devices. Security Journal (advance online publication 30 June 2014» doi: 0.1057/sj.2014.30).

Van Der Voordt, T.J.M. and Van Wegen, H.B.R. (1990) Testing Building Plans for Public Safety: Useful-ness of the Delft Checklist. Netherlands Journal of Housing and Environmental Research. 5(2), 129–154.

Vollaard, B. and Ours, J.C.V. (2011) Does Regulation of Built-In Security Reduce Crime? Evidence from a Natural Experiment. Economic Journal. 121 (May), 485–504.

Wagner, A.E. (1997) A Study of Traffic Pattern Modifications in an Urban Crime Prevention Program. Journal of Criminal Justice. 25, 19–30.

White, G. (1990) Neighbourhood Permeability and Burglary Rates. Justice Quarterly. 7(1), 57–67. Wiles, P. and Costello, A. (2000) The ‘Road to Nowhere’: The Evidence for Travelling Crimi- nals. Home Office Research Study 207, Home Office, London.

Wilson, J.Q. and Kelling, G.L. (1982) The Police and Neighbourhood Safety. Atlantic, March, 29–38.

Winchester, S. and Jackson, H. (1982) Residential Burglary: The Limits of Prevention. Home Office Re-search Study 74, Home Office, London.

Yang, X. (2006) Exploring the Influence of Environmental Features on Residential Burglary using Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Florida. Available at: www://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf [Accessed 17 February 2010].

Zavoski, R., Lapidus, G., Lerer, T., Burke, G. and Banco, L. (1999) Evaluating the Impact of a Street Bar-rier on Urban Crime. Injury Prevention. 5, 65–68.

مراجع الفصل ا12

Bottoms, A., Claytor, A. and Wiles, P. (1992). Housing markets and residential community crime careers: a case study from Sheffield. In D. Evans, N. Fyfe and D. Herbert (eds), Crime, Policing and Place. Lon-don: Routledge.

Buchanan, T. and Whitty, M.T. (2014). The online dating romance scam: causes and con¬sequences of vic-timhood. Psychology, Crime and Law, 20(3): 261–283.

Budd, T., Sharp, C. and Mayhew, P. (2005). Offending in England and Wales: first results from the Crime and Justice Survey. Home Office Research Study 275, Home Office, London.

Burgess, S. (1999). Operation ACNE. Unpublished entry for 1999 Tilley Award for Problem Oriented Polic-ing, Cumbria Constabulary.

Button, M., McNaughton Nicolls, C., Kerr, J. and Owen, R. (2014). Online frauds: learning from victims why they fall for these scams. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47: 391–408.

Cacioppo, J.T., Cacioppo, S., Gonzaga, G.C., Ogburn, E.L. and VanderWeele, T.J. (2013). Marital satisfac-tion and break-ups differ across on-line and off-line meeting venues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(25): 10135–10140.

Challinger, D. (1997). Refund fraud in retail stores. In R.V. Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. New York: Harrow & HestonClarke, R. (1999). Hot products: understanding, anticipating and reducing demand for stolen goods. Police Research Series Paper 112, Home Office» London.

Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44: 588–608.

Cook, P. and Goss, K. (2014). The Gun Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (2003). Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: a reply to Wort-ley’s critique of situational crime prevention. In M.J. Smith and D.B. Cornish (eds), Theory for Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 16. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Cross, C. and Blackshaw, D. (2015). Improving the police response to online fraud. Policing, 9(2): 119–128.

Eck, J.E. (2003). Police problems: the complexity of problem theory, research and evaluation. In

J. Knutsson (ed.), Problem-Oriented Policing: From Innovation to Mainstream. Monsey, NY: Crim¬inal Justice Press.

Eck, J.E. and Clarke, R.V. (2003). Classifying common police problems: a routine activity approach. In M.J. Smith and D.B. Cornish (eds), Theory for Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 16. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Eck, J.E., Clarke, R.V. and Guerette, R. (2007). Risky facilities: crime concentration in homog¬enous sets of establishments and facilities. In G. Farrell, K.J. Bowers, S.D. Johnson and M. Townsley (eds), Imagina-tion for Crime Prevention: Essays in honour of Ken Pease. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Ekblom, P. (2016). Crime prevention through product design. In N. Tilley and A. Sidebottom (eds), Hand-book of Crime Prevention and Community Safety (2nd edition). Oxford: Routledge.

Ekblom, P. and Tilley, N. (2000). Going equipped: criminology, situational crime prevention and the re-sourceful offender. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3): 375–398.

Farrell, G. (2016). Repeat victimization. In N. Tilley and A. Sidebottom (eds), Handbook of Crime Preven-tion and Community Safety (2nd edition). Oxford: Routledge.

Farrington, D.P. and West, D.J. (1993). Criminal, penal and life histories of chronic offenders: risk and pro-tective factors and early identification. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 3(4): 492–523.

Felson, M. (1998). Crime and Everyday Life (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Felson, M. (2003). The process of co-offending. In M.J. Smith and D.B. Cornish (eds), Theory for Practice in Situational Crime Prevention. Monsey, NY: Crime Prevention Studies.

Felson, M. and Clarke, R. (1998). Opportunity Makes the Thief. Police Research Series Paper 98, Home Office, London.

Felson, M. and Poulsen, E. (2003). Simple indicators of crime by time of day. International Journal of Forecast-ing, 19(4): 595–601.

Finkel, E.J., Eastwick, P.W., Karney, B.R., Reis, H.T. and Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: a critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13: 3–66.

Forrester, D., Chatterton, M. and Pease, K. with the assistance of Robin Brown (1988). The Kirkholt Bur-glary Prevention Project, Rochdale. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 13, Home Office, London.

Forrester, D., Frenz, S., O’Connell, M. and Pease, K. (1990). The Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project, Phase II. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 23, Home Office, London.

Graycar, A. and Felson, M. (2010). Situational prevention of organised timber theft and related corruption. In K. Bullock, R.V. Clarke and N. Tilley (eds), Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes. Cullompton: Willan.

Hill, N. (1986). Prepayment coin meters: a target for burglary. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 6, Home Of-fice, London.

Home Office (2015). Home Office Counting Rules For Recorded Crime. Accessed online, 17 March 2016 at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/421319/ count-fraud-april-2015.pdf.

Homel, R. (1993). Drivers who drink and rational choice: random breath testing and the process of deter-rence. In R.V. Clarke and M. Felson (eds), Routine Activity and Rational Choice: Advances in Crimino-logical Theory, Vol. 5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.

Homel, R., Hauritz, M., McIlwain, G., Wortley, R. and Carvolth, R. (1997). Preventing drunkenness and violence around nightclubs in a tourist resort. In R.V. Clarke (ed.), Situ¬ational Crime Prevention: Suc-cessful Case Studies (2nd edition). New York: Harrow & Heston.

Huang, J-M., Stringhini, G. and Yong, P. (2015). Quit playing games with my heart: under¬standing online dating scams. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA).

Keizer, K., Lindenberg, S. Steg, L. (2008). The spread of disorder. Science, 322(5908): 1681–1685.

Knutsson, J. and Kuhlhorn, E. (1997). Macro measures against crime: the example of check for¬geries. In R.V. Clarke (ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). New York: Har-row & Heston.

LaVigne, N. (1994). Gasoline drive-offs: designing a less convenient environment. In R.V. Clarke (ed.) Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 2. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Matthews, R. (2002) Armed robbery. Cullompton: Willan.

Mayhew, P., Clarke, R. and Elliot, D. (1989). Motorcycle theft, helmet legislation and displace¬ment. Howard Journal, 28: 1–8.

Morgan, N., Hoare, J. and Byron, C. (2015). An evaluation of government and law enforcement inter-ventions aimed at reducing metal theft. Research Report 80, Home Office, London.

Morrison, S. and O’Donnell, I. (1996). An analysis of decision-making practices of armed robbers. In R. Homel (ed.) The Politics and Practice of Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Pre¬vention Studies, Vol. 5. Monsey NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Pease, K. (1997). Predicting the future: the roles of routine activity and rational choice theory. In G. New-man, R. Clarke and S. Shoham (eds), Rational Choice and Situational Crime Preven¬tion. Aldershot: Dart-mouth.

Pease, K. (1998). Repeat victimisation: taking stock. Crime Detection and Prevention Paper Series Paper 90, Home Office, London.

Rege, A. (2009). What’s love got to do with it? Exploring online dating scams and identity fraud. Interna-tional Journal of Cyber Criminology, 3(2): 494–512.

Reyns, B.W., Henson, B. and Fisher, B.S. (2011). Being pursued online: applying cyber lifestyle-routine activi-ties theory to cyberstalking victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(1): 1149–1169.

Sautter, J., Tippett, R.M. and Morgan, S.P. (2010). The social demography of Internet dating in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 91: 554–575.

Schneider, J., Rowe, N., Forrest, S. and Tilley, N. (2004). Biting the bullet: gun crime in Greater Notting-ham. Unpublished Report to Nottinghamshire Constabulary.

Scott, M. (2005). Shifting and sharing police responsibility to address public safety problems. In

N. Tilley (ed.), Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety (1st edition). Cullompton: Wil-lan.

Sherman, L. (1990). Police crackdowns: initial and residual deterrence. In M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 12. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Sherman, L.W., Gartin, P.R. and Buerger, M.E. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27: 27–56.

Sidebottom, A., Ashby, M. and Johnson, S.D. (2014). Copper cable theft: revisiting the price–theft hy-pothesis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(5): 684–700.

Sidebottom, A., Belur, J., Bowers, K., Thompson, L. and Johnson, S.D. (2011). Theft in price-volatile markets: on the relationship between copper price and copper thefts. Journal of Research in Crime and De-linquency, 48: 396–418.

Sloan Howitt, M. and Kelling, G. (1997). Subway graffiti in New York City: ‘getting up’ vs. ‘Meanin’ it and cleanin’ it’. In R.V. Clarke (ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edition). New York: Harrow & Heston.

Sykes, G. and Matza, D. (1957) Techniques of neutralisation. American Sociological Review, 22: 664–670.

Tilley, N. (2005). Driving down crime at motorway service areas. In M. Smith and N. Tilley (eds), Crime Science: New Approaches to Preventing and Detecting Crime. Cullompton: Willan.

Toma, C.L. (2015). Online dating. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication, 1–5. Accessed online, 1 December 2016 at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ 9781118540190.wbeic118/abstract.

Toma, C.L., Hancock, J.T. and Ellison, N.B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: an examina¬tion of decep-tive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and Social Psychology Bul¬letin, 34: 1023–1036.

Weisburd, D. (2015). The 2014 Sutherland address: the law of concentration and the criminol¬ogy of place. Criminology, 53: 133–157.

Weisburd, D. and Green, L. (1995). Policing drug hot Spots: the Jersey City DMA experiment.

Justice Quarterly, 12: 711–736.

Wheal, H. and Tilley, N. (2009) Imitation gun law: an assessment. Howard Journal, 48(2): 172–183.

Whitty, M.T. and Buchanan, T. (2012). The online dating romance scam: a serious crime.

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(3): 181–183.

Whitty, M.T. and Buchanan, T. (2015). The online dating romance scam: the psychological impact on vic-tims – both financial and non-financial. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1–19.

Wilcox, P. and Eck, J.E. (2011). Criminology of the unpopular: implications for policy aimed at payday lend-ing facilities. Criminology and Public Policy, 10(2): 473–482.

Wilson, J. and Kelling, G. (1982). Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, March, 29–38. Wintermute, G. (2000) Guns and gun violence. In A. Blumstein and J. Wallman (eds), The Crime

Drop in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wolfgang, M.E., Figlio, R.M. and Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

مراجع الفصل 13

Alderson, J. (1984) Law and Disorder. London: Hamish Hamilton.

Beijersbergen, K. A., Dirkzwager, A. J. and Nieuwbeerta, P. (2016) Reoffending after release: does proce-dural justice during imprisonment matter? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(1), 63–82.

Blader, S. L. and Tyler, T. R. (2009) Testing and extending the group engagement model: link¬ages be-tween social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 445.

Bottoms, A. (2002) Compliance and community penalties (pp. 87–116), in Bottoms, A., Gel¬sthorpe, L. and Rex, S. (eds), Community Penalties: Change and Challenges. Cullompton: Willan.

Bottoms, A. and Tankebe, J. (2012) Beyond procedural justice: a dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102(1), 119–170.

Bradford, B. (2014) Policing and social identity: procedural justice, inclusion and cooperation between police and public. Policing and Society, 24(1), 22–43.

Bradford, B., Hohl, K., Jackson, J. and MacQueen, S. (2015) Obeying the rules of the road pro¬cedural jus-tice, social identity, and normative compliance. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(2), 171–191.

Bradford, B., Huq, A., Jackson, J. and Roberts, B. (2014a) What price fairness when security is at stake? Police legitimacy in South Africa. Regulation and Governance, 8(2), 246–268.

Bradford, B., Jackson, J. and Stanko, E. A. (2009) Contact and confidence: revisiting the impact of public encounters with the police. Policing and Society, 19(1), 20–46.

Bradford, B., Murphy, K. and Jackson, J. (2014b). Officers as mirrors: policing, procedural justice and the (re)production of social identity. British Journal of Criminology, 54(4), 527–550.

Cartwright, N. and Hardie, J. (2012) Evidence-Based Policy: A Practical Guide to Doing it Better.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2006) Penal Systems: A Comparative Approach. London: Sage Publications.

Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2013) Political economy and legal systems (pp. 280–294), in Body-Gendrot, S., LŽvy, R., Hough, M., Snacken, S. and Kerezsi, K. (eds), The Routledge Handbook of European Criminology. London: Routledge.

Cheng, K. K. Y. (2015) Prosecutorial procedural justice and public legitimacy in Hong Kong.

British Journal of Criminology, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azv106.

Felson, M. (1994). Crime and Everyday Life: Insight and Implications for Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Gottfredson, M. R. and Hirschi, T. (1990) A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Hasisi, B. and Weisburd, D. (2011) Going beyond ascribed identities: the importance of proced¬ural justice in airport security screening in Israel. Law and Society Review, 45(4), 867–892.

Hinsch, W. (2008) Legitimacy and justice (pp. 39–52), in Kuhnelt, J. (ed.), Political Legitimation without Mo-rality? London: Springer.

Hinsch, W. (2010) Justice, legitimacy, and constitutional rights. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 13(1), 39–54.

Hough, M. (2012) Procedural justice and professional policing in times of austerity. Criminology and Crimi-nal Justice, 13(2), 181–197.

Hough, M. and Roberts, J. V. (2017, in press) Public knowledge and opinion, crime, and crimi¬nal justice, in Liebling, A., McAra, L. and Maruna, S. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminol¬ogy, 6th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hough, M., Jackson, J. and Bradford, B. (2013) Trust in justice and the legitimacy of legal authorities: top-line findings from a European comparative study (pp. 243–265), in Body-Gendrot, S., Hough, M., Levy, R., Kerezsi, K. and Snacken, S. (eds), European Handbook of Criminology. London: Routledge.

Huq, A., Jackson, J. and Trinkner, R. (2016) Acts that legitimate? Revisiting the predicates of police legit-imacy. British Journal of Criminology, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azw037.

Huq, A. Z., Tyler, T. R. and Schulhofer, S. J. (2011a) Mechanisms for eliciting cooperation in counterterror-ism policing: evidence from the United Kingdom. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 8(4), 728–761.

Huq, A. Z., Tyler, T. R. and Schulhofer, S. J. (2011b) Why does the public cooperate with law enforcement? The influence of the purposes and targets of policing. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(3), 419.

Jackson, J. and Gau, J. (2015) Carving up concepts? Differentiating between trust and legitimacy in public attitudes towards legal authority (pp. 49–69), in Shockley, E., Neal, T. M. S., Pyt-likZillig, L. and Bornstein, B. (eds), Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust: Towards Theoretical and Methodological Integration. New York: Springer.

Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Kuha, J., Stares, S. R., Widdop, S., Fitzgerald, R., Yordanova, M. and Galev, T. (2011) Developing European indicators of trust in justice. Euro¬pean Journal of Criminology, 8(4), 267–285.

Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Myhill, A., Quinton, P. and Tyler, T. R. (2012a) Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. British Journal of Criminology, 52(6), 1051–1071.

Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Stanko, E. A. and Hohl, K. (2012b) Just Authority? Trust in the Police in Eng-land and Wales. Oxford: Routledge.

Jacobson, J., Hunter, G. and Kirby, A. (2015) Inside Crown Court: Personal experiences and questions of legitimacy. Bristol: Policy Press.

Jost, J. T., Hawkins, C. B., Nosek, B. A., Hennes, E. P., Stern, C., Gosling, S. D. and Graham,

J. (2014) Belief in a just god (and a just society): a system justification perspective on religious ideology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 34, 56–81.

Jost, J. T., Liviatan, I., van der Toorn, J., Ledgerwood, A., Mandisodza, A. and Nosek, B. A. (2010). Sys-tem justification: how do we know it’s motivated? (pp. 173–203) in Bobocel,

D. R., Kay, A. C., Zanna, M. P. and Olson, J. M. (eds), The Psychology of Justice and Legitimacy: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 11. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kahneman, D. (2011) Thinking, Fast and Slow. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Keijser J. W. de (2014) Penal theory and popular opinion: the deficiencies of direct engagement (pp. 101–118) in Ryberg J. and Roberts J. V. (eds), Popular Punishment: On the Normative Sig¬nificance of Public Opinion for Penal Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.

Matza, D. (1964) Delinquency and Drift. New York: John Wiley.

Mazerolle, L., Antrobus, E., Bennett, S. and Tyler, T. (2013) Shaping citizen perceptions of police legiti-macy: a randomised field trial of procedural justice. Criminology, 51(1), 33–63.

Meares, T. L. (2012) Good cop: knowing the difference between lawful or effective policing and rightful policing – and why it matters. William and Mary Law Review, 54, 1871–1875.

Messner, S. (2012) Morality, markets and the ASC. Criminology, 50(1), 5–25.

Messner, S. and Rosenfeld, R. (2001) An institutional-anomie theory of crime (pp. 151–160), in Paternos-ter, R. and Bachman, R. (eds), Explaining Criminals and Crime. Los Angeles: Roxbury. Messner, S. and Rosenfeld, R. (2010) Institutional-anomie theory: a macro-sociological explana¬tion of crime (pp. 209–224), in Krohn, A. J. L. and Hall, G. P. (eds), Handbook on Crime and Deviance. New York: Springer.

Murphy, K. and Cherney, A. (2012) Understanding cooperation with police in a diverse society.

British Journal of Criminology, 52(1), 181–201.

Murphy, K., Bradford, B. and Jackson, J. (2016) Motivating compliance behavior among offend¬ers proce-dural justice or deterrence? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(1), 102–118.

Murphy, K., Sargeant, E. and Cherney, A. (2015) The importance of procedural justice and police perfor-mance in shaping intentions to cooperate with the police: does social identity matter? European Journal of Criminology, 12(6), 719–738.

Myhill, A. and Bradford, B. (2012) Can police enhance public confidence by improving quality of service? Results from two surveys in England and Wales. Policing and Society, 22(4), 397–425.

Nye, J. S. (2005) Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs.

Papachristos, A. V., Meares, T. L. and Fagan, J. (2012) Why do criminals obey the law? The influence of legitimacy and social networks on active gun offenders. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102(2), 397–440.

Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Bachman, R. and Sherman, L. W. (1997) Do fair procedures matter? The ef-fect of procedural justice on spouse assault. Law and Society Review, 31, 163–204.

Pennington, L. (2015) A case study approach to procedural justice: parents’ views in two juvenile delinquency courts in the United States. British Journal of Criminology, 55(5), 901–920.

President’s Task Force (2015) Final report of the president’s task force on 21st century policing. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC, May: www.cops.usdoj. gov/pdf/taskforce/taskforce_finalreport.pdf.

Reiner, R. (2007) Law and Order: an Honest Citizen’s Guide to Crime Control. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Reisig, M. D. and Bain, S. N. (2016) University legitimacy and student compliance with aca¬demic dishones-ty codes: a partial test of the process-based model of self-regulation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(1), 83–101.

Robinson, P. H. (2012) Criminalisation tensions: empirical desert, changing norms, and rape reform (pp. 186–202), in Duff, R. A., Farmer, L., Marshall, S. E. and Tadros, V. (eds), The Structures of the Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Robinson, P. H. and Darley, J. M. (1997) The utility of desert. Northwestern University Law Review, 91(2), 453–499.

Robinson, P. H. and Darley, J. M. (2007) Intuitions of justice: implications for criminal law and justice policy. Southern California Law Review, 81(1), 1–67.

SaarikkomŠki, E. (2015) Perceptions of procedural justice among young people: narratives of fair treatment in young people’s stories of police and security guard interventions. British Journal of Criminology, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azv102.

Schulhofer, S. J., Tyler, T. R. and Huq, A. Z. (2011) American policing at a crossroads: unsus¬tainable poli-cies and the procedural justice alternative. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 101(2), 335–374.

Skogan, W. (2006) Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with the police. Policing and Society, 16(2), 99–126.

Sunshine, J. and Tyler, T.R. (2003) The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law and Society Review, 37, 513–548.

Sutherland, E. H. (1939) Principles of Criminology, 3rd edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Tankebe, J. (2013) Viewing things differently: the dimensions of public perceptions of legiti¬macy. Criminol-ogy, 51(1), 103–135.

Tyler, T. R. (2003) Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law (pp. 431–505), in Tonry, M. (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 30. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Tyler, T. R. (2006a) Legitimacy and legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 375–400. Tyler, T. R. (2006b) Why People Obey the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Tyler, T. R. (2011) Trust and legitimacy: policing in the USA and Europe. European Journal of Criminology, 8(4), 254–266.

Tyler, T. R. and Blader, S. (2000) Cooperation in Groups: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Behavioral Engagement. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

Tyler, T. R. and Fagan, J. (2008) Why do people cooperate with the police? Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 231–275.

Tyler, T. R. and Jackson, J. (2013) Future challenges in the study of legitimacy and criminal justice (pp. 83–104), in Tankebe, J. and Liebling, A. (eds), Legitimacy and Criminal Justice: An International Explora-tion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Tyler, T. R. and Jackson, J. (2014) Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: moti¬vating com-pliance, cooperation, and engagement. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(1), 78–95.

Tyler, T. R., Jackson, J. and Mentovich, A. (2015) The consequences of being an object of sus¬picion: poten-tial pitfalls of proactive police contact. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 12(4), 602–636.

Tyler, T. R., Schulhofer, S. J. and Huq, A. Z. (2010) Legitimacy and deterrence effects in counter-terrorism policing: a study of Muslim Americans. Law and Society Review, 44, 365–401.

van Dijk, J. (2013) It is not just the economy: towards an alternative explanation of post-World War II crime trends in the Western world (pp. 109–124), in Body-Gendrot, S., Hough, M., Levy, R., Kerezsi, K. and Snacken, S. (eds) European Handbook of Criminology. London: Routledge.

White, M. D., Mulvey, P. and Dario, L. M. (2016) Arrestees’ perceptions of the police exploring procedural justice, legitimacy, and willingness to cooperate with police across offender types. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(3), 343–364.

Wikstršm, P. O., Oberwittler, D., Treiber, K. and Hardie, B. (2012) Breaking Rules: The Social and Situa-tional Dynamics of Young People’s Urban Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

مراجع الفصل 14

Ayers, Ian & John Braithwaite. 1992. Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.

Baldwin, Robert, Martin Cave, & Martin Lodge, eds. 2010. The Oxford Handbook of Regulation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bichler, Gisela, Karin Schmerler, & Janet Enriquez. 2013. “Curbing Nuisance Motels: An Evalu¬ation of Police as Place Regulators.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Man¬agement 36(2):437–62.

Buerger, Michael E. & Lorraine Green Mazerolle. 1998. “Third-Party Policing: A Theoretical Analysis of an Emerging Trend.” Justice Quarterly 15(2):301–27.

Burris, Scott, Peter Drahos, & Clifford D. Shearing. 2005. “Nodal Governance.” Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 30(1):30–58.

Carpenter, Christopher & Carlos Dobkin. 2011. “Alcohol Regulation and Crime.” Pp. 291–329 in Control-ling Crime: Strategies and Tradeoffs, edited by Philip J. Cook, Jens Ludwig, & Justin McCrary. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, Ronald V. 1995. “Situational Crime Prevention.” Pp. 91–150 in Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention, vol. 19, edited by Michael Tonry & David Farrington. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, Ronald V. 1999. “Hot Products: Understanding, Anticipating and Reducing Demand for Stolen Goods.” Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Home Office, London.

Clarke, Ronald V. & Derek B. Cornish. 1985. “Modeling Offenders’ Decisions: A Framework for Research and Policy.” Pp. 147–85 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 1. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, Ronald V. & John E. Eck. 2003. Becoming a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst: In 55 Small Steps. Lon-don: Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science.

Clarke, Ronald V. & Graeme R. Newman. 2005. “Modifying Criminogenic Products: What Role for Gov-ernment?” Pp. 7–83 in Designing Out Crime from Products and Systems, vol. 18, edited by Ronald V. Clarke & Graeme Newman. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Cohen, Lawrence E. & Marcus Felson. 1979. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” American Sociological Review 44(4):588–608.

Cornish, Derek B. 1994. “The Procedural Analysis of Offending and Its Relevance for Situ¬ational Preven-tion.” Pp. 151–96 in Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 3, edited by Ronald V. Clarke. Monsey, NY: Crimi-nal Justice Press.

Cunningham, James K. & Lon Mu Liu. 2005. “Impacts of Federal Precursor Chemical Regula¬tions on Methamphetamine Arrests.” Addiction 100(4):479–88.

Davis, Robert C. & Arthur J. Lurigio. 1998. “Civil Abatement as a Tool for Controlling Drug Dealing in Rental Properties.” Security Journal 11(1):45–50.

Desmond, Matthew & Nicol Valdez. 2012. “Unpolicing the Urban Poor: Consequences of Third-Party Polic-ing for Inner-City Women.” American Sociological Review 78(1):117–41.

Drury, Richard Toshiyki, Michael E. Belliveau, J. Scott Kuhn, & Shipra Bansal. 1999. “Pollu-tion Trading and Environmental Injustice: Los Angeles’ Failed Experiment in Air Quality Policy.” Duke Environmen-tal Law and Policy Forum 9:231–89.

Eck, John E. 1997. “Do Premises Liability Suits Promote Business Crime Prevention?” Pp. 125–50 in Business and Crime Prevention, edited by Ronald V. Clarke & Marcus Felson. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Eck, John E. 2003. “Police Problems: The Complexity of Problem Theory, Research and Evalu-ation.” Pp. 79–113 in Problem-Oriented Policing: from Innovation to Mainstream, vol. 15, edited by Johannes Knutsson. Monsey, NY: Criminal Jus-tice Press.

Eck, John E. & Ronald V. Clarke. 2003. “Classifying Common Police Problems: A Routine Activity Ap-proach.” Pp. 7–39 in Theory for Practice in Situational Crime Prevention, vol. 16, edited by Martha J. Smith & Derek B. Cornish. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Eck, John E. & Emily B. Eck. 2012. “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options through a Regulatory Approach.” Criminology and Public Policy 11(2):281–316.

Eck, John E. & Rob T. Guerette. 2012. “Place-Based Crime Prevention: Theory, Evidence, and Policy.” Pp. 354–83 in The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention, edited by Brandon C. Welsh & David P. Farring-ton. New York: Oxford University Press.

Eck, John E. & Tamara Madensen. 2012. “Situational Crime Prevention makes POP Work: The Im-portance of Interdependent Theories for Effective Policing.” Pp. 80–92 in The Reasoning Criminologist: Essays in Honour of Ronald V. Clarke, edited by Nick Tilley & Graham Farrell. New York: Routledge.

Eck, John E. & Tamara D. Madensen. 2015. “Meaningfully and Artfully Reinterpreting Crime for Useful Science: An Essay on the Value of Building with Simple Theories.” Pp. 5–18 in The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory, edited by Martin A. Andresen & Graham Farrell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Farrell, Graham. 2004. “Progress and Prospects in the Prevention of Repeat Victimization.” Pp. 143–70 in Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, edited by Nick Tilley. Cul¬lompton: Willan.

Farrell, Graham & Ken Pease. 2008. “Repeat Victimisation.” Pp. 117–35 in Environmental Criminol¬ogy and Crime Analysis, edited by Richard Wortley & Lorraine Mazerolle. Cullompton: Willan.

Farrell, Graham & John Roman. 2006. “Crime as Pollution: Proposal for Market-Based Incen¬tives to Re-duce Crime Externalities.” Pp. 135–55 in Crime Reduction and the Law, edited by Kate Moss & Mike Stephens. London: Routledge.

Felson, Marcus. 1995. “Those Who Discourage Crime.” Pp. 53–66 in Crime and Place, edited by John E. Eck & David Weisburd. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Goldstein, Herman. 1979. “Improving Policing: A Problem Oriented Approach.” Crime and Delinquency 25(2):236–58.

Goldstein, Herman. 1990. Problem-Oriented Policing. New York: McGraw Hill.

Grabosky, Peter. 2014. “On the Interface of Criminal Justice and Regulation.” Pp. 72–99 in Regulation and Crimi-nal Justice: Innovations in Policy and Research, edited by Hannah Quirk, Toby Seddon, and Graham Smith. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Guerette, Rob T. & Kate J. Bowers. 2009. “Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations.” Criminology 47(4):1331–68.

Hahn, Robert A., Oleg Bilukha, Alex Crosby, Mindy T. Fullilove, Akiva Liberman, Eve Moscicki, Susan Snyder, Farris Tuma, & Peter A. Briss. 2005. “Firearms Laws and the Reduction of Viol¬ence: A Systematic Review.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28(2 Suppl. 1):40–71.

Hunter, Ronald D. 1999. “Convenience Store Robbery Revisited: A Review of Prevention Results.” Journal of Security Administration 22(1):1–13.

Kellman, Barry. 2003. “Regulation of Biological Research in the Terrorism Era.” Health Matrix

(1):159–80.

Kennedy, Daniel B. & R. Thomas Hupp. 1998. “Apartment Security and Litigation: Key Issues.” Security Journal 11(1):21–28.

Kraakman, Reiner H. 1986. “Gatekeepers: The Anatomy of a Third-Party Enforcement Strategy.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 2(1):53–104.

Levi, Michael. 2002. “Money Laundering and Its Regulation.” ANNALS of the American Academy of Polit-ical and Social Science 582(July):181–94.

Madensen, Tamara D. & John E. Eck. 2013. “Crime Places and Place Management.” Pp. 554–78 in Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory, edited by Francis T. Cullen & Pamela Wilcox. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mazerolle, Lorraine & Janet Ransley. 2005. Third Party Policing. New York: University of Cam¬bridge Press.

Newman, Graeme R. 2012. “A Market Approach to Crime Prevention.” Pp. 87–106 in Design against Crime: Crime Proofing Everyday Products, edited by Paul Ekblom. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publish-ers.

Ogus, Anthony. 2011. “Regulation and its relationship with the criminal justice process.” Pp. 27–41 in Regulation and Criminal Justice: Innovations in Policy and Research, edited by Hanna Quirk, Toby Seddon, & Graham Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Payne, Troy C. 2015. “Reducing Excessive Police Incidents: Do Notices to Owners Work?”

Security Journal 28(1):1–18.

Quirk, Hannah, Toby Seddon, & Graham Smith. 2014. Regulation and Criminal Justice: Innova¬tions in Policy and Research. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sampson, Rana. 2007. False Burglar Alarms, 2nd Edition. Guide No. 5. Washington, DC: Office of Com-munity Oriented Policing Services.

Sampson, Rana, John E. Eck, & Jessica Dunham. 2009. “Super Controllers and Crime Preven¬tion: A Rou-tine Activity Explanation of Crime Prevention Success and Failure.” Security Journal 23(1):37–51.

Segerson, Kathleen. 2007. “An Assessment of Legal Liability as a Market-based Instrument.” Pp. 250–70 in Moving to Markets in Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Twenty Years of Experience, edited by Jody Freeman & Charles D. Kolstad. New York: Oxford University Press.

Skogan, Wesley G., Lynn Steiner, Jill DuBois, J. Erik Gudell, & Aimee Fagan. 2002. Taking Stock: Community Policing in Chicago. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Sparrow, Malcolm K. 2000. The Regulatory Craft: Controlling Risks, Solving Problems and Managing Compliance. Washington, DC: Brook-ings Institution Press.

Sparrow, Malcolm K. 2008. The Character of Harms: Operational Challenges in Control. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.

Stafford, Sarah L. 2000. “The Impact of Environmental Regulations on the Location of Firms in the Hazard-ous Waste Management Industry.” Land Economics 76(4):569–89.

Van Ours, Jan C. & Ben Vollaard. 2015. “The Engine Immobiliser: A Non-Starter for Car Thieves.” Economic Journal. Retrieved http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecoj.12196.

Vollaard, Ben & Jan C. van Ours. 2011. “Does Regulation of Built-in Security Reduce Crime? Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Economic Journal 121(552):485–504.

Wilcox, Pamela & John E. Eck. 2011. “Criminology of the Unpopular: Implications for Policy Aimed at Payday Lending Facilities.” Criminology and Public Policy 10(2):473–82.

مراجع الفصل 15

Anderson, D., Chenery, S. and Pease, K. (1995). Biting back: Tackling repeat burglary and car crime. Lon-don Police Research Group, Home Office, London.

Aos, S., Phipps, P., Barnoksi, R. and Lieb, R. (2001). The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Pro¬grams to Reduce Crime. Version 4.0. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.

Armitage, R. (2000). An evaluation of secured by design housing within West Yorkshire. Brief¬ing Note 7/00, Home Office, London.

Armitage, R., Smyth, G. and Pease, K. (1999). Burnley CCTV evaluation. In K. Painter and N. Tilley (eds) Crime prevention studies, vol. 10. Cullompton: Willan.

Ashton, J., Brown, I., Senior, B. and Pease, K. (1998). Repeat victimisation: Offender accounts.

International Journal of Risk Security and Crime Prevention, 3, 269–280.

Beavon, D., Brantingham, P. and Brantingham, P. (1994). The influence of street networks on the pat-terning of property offences. In R. Clarke (ed.) Crime prevention studies, vol. 2. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Bennett, T. and Wright, R. (1984). Burglars on burglary: Prevention and the offender. Aldershot: Gower.

Bennett, T., Holloway, K. and Farrington, D. P. (2006). Does neighborhood watch reduce crime? A sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2(4), 437–458.

Bernasco, W. (2008). Them again? Same-offender involvement in repeat and near repeat bur¬glaries. Euro-pean Journal of Criminology, 5(4), 411–431.

Bernasco, W., Johnson, S. D. and Ruiter, S. (2015). Learning where to offend: Effects of past on future bur-glary locations. Applied Geography, 60, 120–129.

Bernasco, W. and Nieuwbeerta, P. (2005). How do residential burglars select target areas? British Journal of Criminology, 44, 296–315.

Blake, L. and Coupe, R. T. (2001). The impact of single and two-officer patrols on catching burglars in the act: A critique of the Audit Commission’s reports on youth justice. British Journal of Criminology, 41(2), 381–396.

Bowers, K., Tompson, L. and Johnson, S. D. (2014). Implementing information science in policing: Map-ping the evidence base. Policing, 8(4), 339–352.

Bowers, K. J. and Hirschfield, A. (1999). Exploring links between crime and disadvantage in north west England: An analysis using geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical In-formation Science, 13(2), 159–184.

Bowers, K. J., Hirschfield, A. and Johnson, S. D. (1998). Victimization revisited: A case study of non-residential repeat burglary on Merseyside. British Journal of Criminology, 38(3), 429–452.

Bowers, K. J. and Johnson, S. D. (2011). Contrasting hotspots: Did the opportunists make the heat? In G. Farrell and N. Tilley (eds) The reasoning criminologist: Essays in honour of Ronald V. Clarke (Crime sci-ence series). New York: Routledge.

Bowers, K. J., Johnson, S. D., Guerette, R. T., Summers, L. and Poynton, S. (2011). Spatial dis¬placement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(4), 347–374.

Bowers, K. J., Johnson, S. D. and Pease, K. (2005). Victimisation risk, housing type and area: The ecological fallacy lives! Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 7(1), 7–18.

Braga, A., Papachristos, A. and Hureau, D. (2012). Hot spots policing effects on crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews. Norway: Campbell Collaboration.

Braga, A. A. and Bond, B. J. (2008). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized con¬trolled trial. Criminology, 46(3), 577–607.

Brantingham, P. L. and Brantingham, P. J. (1991). Notes on the geometry of crime. In P. L. Brantingham and P. J. Brantingham (eds) Environmental criminology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.

Brantingham, P. and Brantingham, P. (1995). Criminality of place. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3), 5–26.

Bridgeman, C. and Taylor-Browne, J. (1996). The PRG burglary manual. London Police Research Group, Home Office, London.

Brown, B. (1995). CCTV in town centres: Three case studies. Crime Detection and Prevention Series Pa-per 68, Home Office, London.

Budd, T. (2001). Burglary: Practice messages from the British Crime Survey. Briefing Note 5/01, Home Of-fice, London.

Burrows, J. and Heal, K. (1980). Police car security campaigns. In R. B. G. Clarke and P. Mayhew (eds) De-signing out crime. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Chetwin, A. (2005). Research on the effectiveness of police practice in reducing residential burglary Report 10. New Zealand Ministry of Justice, Wellington.

Clarke, R. V. (ed.) (1997). Situational crime prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Clarke, R. V. (2004). Closing streets and alleys to reduce crime: Should you go down this road?

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Clarke, R. V. and Cornish, D. B. (1985). Modeling offenders’ decisions: A framework for research and policy. Crime and justice, 6, 147–185.

Cornish, D. and Clarke R. V. (2003). Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to Wort-ley’s critique of situational crime prevention. In M. J. Smith and D. B. Cornish (eds) Theory for practice in situational crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies no. 16. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Coupe, T. and Blake, L. (2006). Daylight and darkness targeting strategies and the risks of being seen at residential burglaries. Criminology, 44, 431–464.

Crime Prevention website (2011). Burglary risk: How much crime is there? Retrieved from https://thecrimepreventionwebsite.com/home-security-assessment/470/burglary-risk/.

Cromwell, P., Olson, J. and Avary, D. (1999). Decision strategies of residential burglars. In P. Cromwell (ed.) In their own words: Criminals on crime, 2nd edn. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Co.

Davies, T. and Johnson, S. D. (2015). Examining the relationship between road structure and burglary risk via quantitative network analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 481–507.

Dubourg, R., Hamed, J. and Thorns, J. (2005). The economic and social costs of crime against individuals and households 2003/04. Home Office On-Line Report 30/05.

Farrell, G., Chenery, S. and Pease, K. (1998). Consolidating police crackdowns: Findings from an anti-burglary project. Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate Police Research Series Paper 113, Home Office, London.

Farrell, G., Tilley, N., Tseloni, M. and Mailley, J. (2011). Explaining and sustaining the crime drop: Clarify-ing the role of opportunity related theories. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 12(1), 24–41.

Farrington, D. P. and Welsh, B. C. (2002). Effects of improved street lighting on crime: A sys¬tematic re-view. Home Office Research Series, Home Office, London.

Felson, M. and Clarke, R. V. (1998). Opportunity makes the thief: Practical theory for crime prevention. Police Research Series Paper 98, Home Office, London.

Fielding, M. and Jones, V. (2012). Disrupting the optimal forager: Predictive risk mapping and domestic burglary reduction in Trafford, Greater Manchester. International Journal of Police Science and Man-agement, 14(1), 30–41.

Forrester, D., Chatterton, M., Pease, K. and Brown, R. (1988). The Kirkholt burglary preven¬tion project, Rochdale. Home Office, London.

Forrester, D., Frenz, S., O’Connell, M. and Pease, K. (1990). The Kirkholt burglary prevention project: Phase II. Home Office, London.

Gill, M. and Spriggs, A. (2005). Assessing the impact of CCTV. Home Office Research Study 292, Home Of-fice, London.

Goldstein, H. (1979). Improving policing: A problem-oriented approach. Crime and Delinquency, 25(2), 236–258.

Gough, D., Oliver, S. and Thomas, J. (eds.) (2012). An introduction to systematic reviews. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Gray, D., Anderson, M., Smith, C. and Davies, M. (2013). London’s quality of life indicators 2012 report. londonsdc.org. Retrieved from www.londonsdc.org/documents/research/ LSDC_QoLindicators_2012_Evidence Report (2).doc.

Grove, L. E., Farrell, G., Farrington, D. P. and Johnson, S. D. (2012). Preventing repeat victimiza¬tion: A systematic review. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.

Guerette, R. T. (2009). The pull, push and expansion of situational crime prevention evaluation: An ap-praisal of thirty-seven years of research. In J. Knutsson and N. Tilley (eds) Evaluating crime reduction. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 24. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Guerette, R. T. and Bowers, K. (2009). Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefit: A systematic review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology, 47(4), 1331–1368.

Hale, C., Harris, C., Uglow, S., Gilling, L. and Netten, A. (2004). Targeting the markets for stolen goods: Two targeted policing initiative projects. Home Office, London.

Hearnden, I. and Magill, C. (2004). Decision-making by house burglars: Offenders’ perspectives. Home Of-fice, London.

Hirschfield, A. F. G. and Bowers, K. J. (1997). The effect of social cohesion on levels of recorded crime in dis-advantaged areas. Urban Studies, 34(8), 1275–1295.

Hirschfield, A. F. G., Bowers, K. J. and Brown, P. J. B. (1995). Exploring relations between crime and disad-vantage on Merseyside. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3), 93–112.

Jacobs, J. (1962). The death and life of the great American cities. New York: Random House. Jansson, K. (2007). British Crime Survey: Measuring crime for 25 years. Home Office, London. Johnson, S. D. (2008). Repeat burglary victimization: A tale of two theories. Journal of Experi-

mental Criminology, 4, 215–240.

Johnson, S. D. (2014). How do offenders choose where to offend? Perspectives from animal for¬aging. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 19(2), 193–210.

Johnson, S. D. and Bowers, K. J. (2003). Opportunity is in the eye of the beholder: The role of publicity in crime prevention. Criminology and Public Policy, 2(3), 497–524.

Johnson, S. D. and Bowers, K. J. (2004a). The burglary as clue to the future: The beginnings of prospective hot-spotting. European Journal of Criminology, 1(2), 237–255.

Johnson, S. D. and Bowers, K. J. (2004b). The stability of space–time clusters of burglary. British Journal of Criminology, 44(1), 55–65.

Johnson, S. D. and Bowers, K. J. (2010). Permeability and crime risk: Are cul-de-sacs safer?

Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26, 113–138.

Johnson, S. D., Birks, D., McLaughlin, L., Bowers, K. J. and Pease, K. (2007). Prospective mapping in opera-tional context. Home Office Online Report 19/07, Home Office, London.

Johnson, S. D., Bowers, K. J. and Hirschfield, A. F. G. (1997). New insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of repeat victimisation. British Journal of Criminology, 37(2), 224–241.

Johnson, S. D., Bowers, K. J. and Guerrette, R. (2012). Crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: A re-view of situational crime prevention measures. In B. C. Welsh and D. P. Far¬rington (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, S. D., Summers, L. and Pease, K. (2009). Offender as forager? A direct test of the boost account of victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25, 181–200.

Johnson, S. D., Tilley, N. and Bowers, K. J. (2015). Introducing EMMIE: An evidence rating scale to en-courage mixed-method crime prevention synthesis reviews. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(3), 459–473.

Kurland, J., Johnson, S. D. and Tilley, N. (2013). Offenses around stadiums: A natural experi¬ment on crime attraction and generation. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1), 5–28.

Laycock, G. (1985). Property marking: A deterrent to domestic burglary? Home Office, London.

Laycock, G. and Tilley, N. (1995). Policing and neighbourhood watch: Strategic issues. London Police Re-search Group, Home Office, London.

LeBeau, J. L. and Vincent, K. L. (1997). Mapping it out: Repeat-address burglar alarms and burglaries. In D. Weisburd and T. McEwen (eds) Crime mapping and crime prevention. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.

Maguire, E. M. W. (1982). Burglary in a dwelling. London: HeinemannEducational Books.

Manning, M., Johnson, S. D., Tilley, N., Wong, G. T. W. and Vorsina, M. (2015). Economic analysis and ef-ficiency in policing, criminal justice and crime reduction: What works? Basingstoke: Pal¬grave Macmillan.

Moreto, W. D. (2010). Risk factors of urban residential burglary. RTM Insights: Rutgers Center on Public Se-curity, Newark, NJ.

Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design. London: Macmillan. Nicho-las, S., Povey, D., Walker, A. and Kershaw, C. (2005). Crime in England and Wales

/2005. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11/05, Home Office, London.

Office for National Statistics (2014). Chapter 1: Property crime – Overview. Crown copyright. Office for Na-tional Statistics (2015). Crime in England and Wales, year ending March 2015.

Crown copyright.

Osborn, D. R. and Tseloni, A. (1998). The distribution of household property crimes. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14(3) 307–330.

Painter, K. and Farrington, D. P. (1999). Improved street lighting: Crime reducing effects and cost–benefit analyses. Security Journal, 12(4), 17–32.

Pawson, R. (2002). Evidence-based policy: The promise of realist synthesis. Evaluation, 8(3), 340–358.

Pawson, R. (2006). Evidence-based policy: A realist perspective. London: Sage. Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. (1997). Realistic evaluation. London: Sage.

Pease, K. (1998). Repeat victimisation: Taking stock. Crime Detection And Prevention Series Paper 90. Home Office, London.

Pease, K. and Gill, M. (2011). Home security and place design: Some evidence and its policy implications.

Leicester: Perpetuity Press.

Petticrew, M. and Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.

Pitcher, A. B. and Johnson, S. D. (2011). Exploring theories of victimization using a mathemat¬ical model of burglary. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 83–109.

Polvi, N., Looman, T., Humphries, C. and Pease, K. (1991). The time course of repeat burglary victimisation. British Journal of Criminology, 31(4), 411–414.

Poyner, B. and Webb, B. (1991). Crime free housing. Oxford: Butterworth Architect.

Prenzler, T. (2009). Preventing burglary in commercial and institutional settings: A place man¬agement and partnerships approach. Connect Research in Security to Practice Report. ASIS International, Alex-andria, VA.

Rengert, G. and Wasilchick, J. (2000). Suburban burglary: A tale of two suburbs, 2nd edn. Spring¬field, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Riley, D. (1980). An evaluation of a campaign to reduce car thefts. In R. B. G. Clarke and P. Mayhew (eds) Designing out crime. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Sampson, R. J. and Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802.

Sidebottom, A. and Tilley, N. (2012). Further improving reporting in crime and justice: An addendum to Perry, Weisburd and Hewitt (2010). Journal of Experimental Criminology, 8(1), 49–69. Sidebottom, A., Thorpe, A. and Johnson, S. D. (2009). Using targeted publicity to reduce opportunities for bicycle theft a demonstration and replication. European Journal of Criminology, 6(3), 267–286.

Sidebottom, A., Tompson, L., Thornton, A., Bullock, K., Tilley, N., Bowers, K. and Johnson, S. D. (2016). Gating alleys to reduce crime: A meta-analysis and realist synthesis. Justice Quar¬terly, in press.

Skinns, D. (1998). Crime reduction, diffusion and displacement: Evaluating the effectiveness of CCTV. In C. Norris, J. Moran and G. Armstrong (eds) Surveillance, closed circuit television and social control. Alder-shot: Ashgate.

Smith, M. J., Clarke, R.V. and Pease, K. (2002). Anticipatory benefits in crime prevention.

Crime Prevention Studies, 13, 71–88.

Steinbach, R., Perkins, C., Tompson, L., Johnson, S., Armstrong, B., Green, J., Grundy, C., Wilkinson, P. and Edwards, P. (2015). The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: Controlled interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Epide¬miology and Community Health, 69(11), 1118–1124.

Stockdale, J. E. and Gresham, P. J. (1995). Combating burglary: An evaluation of three strat¬egies. Police Research Group, Home Office, London.

Summers, L., Johnson, S. D. and Rengert, G. F. (2010). The use of maps in offender interview¬ing. In W. Bernasco (ed.) Offenders on offending: Learning about crime from criminals. Cullompton: Willan.

Sutton, M. (1998). Handling stolen goods and theft: A market reduction approach. Number 178 in Home Office Research Studies, Home Office, London.

Townsley, M., Homel, R. and Chaseling, J. (2003). Infectious burglaries: A test of the near repeat hypothe-sis. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 615–633.

Trickett, A., Osborn, D. R. and Ellingworth, D. (1995). Property crime victimisation: The role of individual and area influence. International Review of Victimology, 3(4), 273–295.

Tseloni, A. and Pease, K. (2003). Repeat personal victimisation: ‘Boosts’ or ‘flags?’ British Journal of Criminolo-gy, 43, 196–212.

Tseloni, A., Mailley, J., Farrell, G. and Tilley, N. (2010). Exploring the international decline in crime rates. European Journal of Criminology, 7(5), 375–394.

Weisel, D. L., Clarke, R. V. and Stedman, J. R. (1999). Hot dots in hot spots: Examining repeat vic-timization for residential burglary in three cities. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Welsh, B. and Farrington, D. (2008). Effects of closed circuit television surveillance on crime: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 4(17).

Welsh, B. C. and Farrington, D. P. (2009). Public area CCTV and crime prevention: An updated system-atic review and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 26(4), 716–745.

مراجع الفصل 16

Armitage, A., Monchuk, L. and Rogerson, M. (2011) It looks good, but what is it like to live there? Explor-ing the impact of innovative housing design on crime. European Journal of Crimi¬nal Policy Research, 17, pp. 29–54.

BŠssmann, J. (2011) Vehicle theft reduction in Germany: the long-term effectiveness of elec¬tronic immobi-lisation. European Journal of Criminal Policy Research, 17(3), pp. 221–246.

BBC (2012) BMW owners hit by hi-tech theft. 12 September. Accessed online on 29 April 2015 at www.bbc.com/news/uk-19562487.

Brown, R. (2004) The effectiveness of electronic immobilisation: changing patterns of temporary and perma-nent vehicle theft, in M. Maxfield and R.V. Clarke (eds) Understanding and prevent¬ing car theft. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 17, pp. 101–119. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Brown, R. (2013a) Regulating crime prevention design into consumer products: learning the lessons from electronic vehicle immobilisation. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 453. Can¬berra: Australian Institute of Criminology.

Brown, R. (2013b) Reviewing the effectiveness of electronic vehicle immobilisation: evidence from four countries. Security Journal. Advance online publication, doi: 10.1057/sj.2012.55.

Brown, R. (2015) Crime prevention design in a vehicle registration system: a case study from Australia. Crime Science, 4(25), doi: 10.1186/s40163-015-0038-1.

Brown, R. and Thomas, N. (2003) Aging vehicles: evidence of the effectiveness of new car security from the home office car theft index. Security Journal, 16(3), pp. 45–53.

Chaplin, R., Flatley, J. and Smith, K. (2011) Crime in England and Wales 2010/11: findings from the Brit-ish Crime Survey and police recorded crime (2nd Edition), Home Office, London.

Clarke, R.V. and Harris, P.M. (1992) Auto theft and its prevention, in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and justice: a review of research, Vol. 16, pp. 197–227. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, R.V. and Mayhew, P. (1998) Preventing crime in parking lots: what we know and what we need to know, in M. Felson and R. Peiser (eds) Reducing crime through real estate development and manage-ment, pp. 1–54. Washington DC: Urban Land Institute.

Clarke, R.V. and Newman, G. (2005) Designing out crime from products and systems. Crime Pre¬vention Stud-ies, Vol. 18. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Ekblom, P. (1997) Gearing up against crime: a dynamic framework to help designers keep up with the adap-tive criminal in a changing world. International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention, 2(4), pp. 249–265.

Ekblom, P. (2012) The private sector and designing products against crime, in B.C. Welsh and

D.P. Farrington (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention, pp. 384–403. Oxford: Oxford Univer-sity Press.

Ernst, K. (2012) Car thieves go high tech, clone NFC fobs. 3 July. Accessed online on 29 April 2015 at www.motorauthority.com/news/1077452_car-thieves-go-high-tech-clone-nfc-fobs.

Farrell, G., Tseloni, A. and Tilley, N. (2011) The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11(1), pp. 21–35.

Fujita, S. and Maxfield, M. (2012) Security and the drop in car theft in the United States, in J. van Dijk, A. Tseloni and G. Farrell (eds) The international crime drop: new directions in research,

pp. 231–249. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Greenaway, D. (2004) Uninsured driving in the United Kingdom. A report for the Secretary of State for Transport, Department of Transport, London.

Houghton, G. (1992) Car theft in England and Wales: The Home Office Car Theft Index. Crime Prevention Unit Series Paper 33, Home Office, London.

Kinshott, G. (2001) Vehicle-related thefts: practice messages from the British Crime Survey. Research Briefing Note 6/01, Home Office, London.

Kriven, S. and Ziersch, E. (2007) New car security and shifting vehicle theft patterns in Australia.

Security Journal, 20(2), pp. 111–122.

Laycock, G. (2004) The UK Car Theft Index: an example of government leverage, in M. Max¬field and R.V. Clarke (eds) Understanding and preventing car theft, pp. 25–44. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 17. Cul-lompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Laycock, G. and Webb, B. (2005) Designing out crime from the UK vehicle registration system, in R.V. Clarke and G.R. Newman (eds) Designing out crime from products and systems,

pp. 203–230. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 17. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Lee, A., Wyndham, T. and Fairman, T. (2006) Reducing theft of old vehicles: raising levels of investment in car immobilisers, in Economic and Resource Analysis (ed.) Changing Behaviour to Prevent Crime: An In-centives Based Approach, pp. 70–128. Home Office Online Report 05/06, Home Office, London.

Levesley, T., Braun, G., Wilkinson, M. and Powell, C (2003) Emerging methods of car theft: theft of keys. Research Findings 239, Home Office, London.

Levi, M. and Handley, J. (1998) The prevention of plastic and cheque fraud revisited. Home Office Research Study 182, Home Office, London.

Mayhew, P. (1990) Opportunity and vehicle crime, in D.M. Gottfredson and R.V. Clarke (eds) Policy and theory in criminal justice: contributions in honour of Leslie T. Wilkins, pp. 29–50. Alder¬shot: Avebury.

Mayhew, P., Clarke, R.V. and Elliott (1989) Motor cycle theft, helmet legislation and displace¬ment. How-ard Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, pp. 1–8.

Mayhew, P. Clarke, R.V.G., Sturman, A. and Hough, J.M. (1976) Crime as opportunity. Home Office Re-search Study 34, HMSO, London.

Mayhew, P. and White, P. (1997) The 1996 international crime victimisation survey. Research and Statis-tics Directorate Research Findings 57, Home Office, London.

Metropolitan Police (1920) Report of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis for the years 1918 and 1919. London: HMSO.

Metropolitan Police (1921) Report of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis for the year 1920. London: HMSO.

Newman, G.R. and Clarke, R.V. (2003) Superhighway robbery: preventing e-commerce crime. Cul¬lompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

PA Consulting (2004) Driving down crime: denying criminals the use of the road. London: The Sta¬tionery Of-fice.

Perry, H.W. (1910) Anti joy riding devices. Scientific American, 15 January, pp. 49, 58 and 70. Poyner, B. (1992) Situational crime prevention in two parking facilities, in R.V. Clarke (ed.)

Situational crime prevention: successful case studies, pp. 174–184. New York: Harrow & Heston. Poyner, B. (2006) Crime free housing in the 21st century. London: Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science.

Poyner, B. and Webb, B. (1991) Crime free housing. Oxford: Butterworth.

Shaftoe, H. and Read, T. (2005) Planning out crime: the appliance of science or an act of faith, in N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of crime prevention and community safety, pp. 245–265. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Smith, D.G., Gregson, M. and Morgan, J. (2003) Between the lines: an evaluation of the Secured Car Park Award scheme. Home Office Research Study 266, Home Office, London. Smith, M. and Webb, B. (2005) Vehicle excise duty evasion in the UK, in M. Smith and N.

Tilley (eds) Crime science: new approaches to crime detection and prevention, pp. 126–144. Cullomp¬ton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Southall, D. and Ekblom, P. (1995) Designing for car security: toward a crime free car. Crime Prevention Unit Series Paper 4, Home Office, London.

Spencer, E. (1992) Car crime and young people on a Sunderland housing estate. Crime Preven¬tion Unit Series Paper 40, Home Office, London.

Thatcham Research (n.d.) Theft without keys. Accessed online on 27 May 2015 at www.that-cham.org/files/pdf/Theft_Without_Keys.pdf.

Tilley, N. (1993) Understanding car parks, crime and CCTV: evaluation lessons from Safer Cities. Crime Prevention Unit Series Paper 42, Home Office, London.

Tilley, N., Farrell, G. and Clarke, R.V. (2015) Target suitability and the crime drop, in M.A. Andresen and G. Farrell (eds) The criminal act: the role and influence of routine activity theory,

pp. 59–75. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Tilley, N., Smith, J., Finer, S., Erol, R., Charles, C. and Dobby, J. (2004) Problem-solving street crime: practical lessons from the Street Crime Initiative. Home Office, London.

van Ours, J.C. and Vollaard, B. (2013) The engine immobilizer: a non-starter for car thieves. CESinfo Working Paper No. 4092. Centre for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute.

VCRAT (1999) Tackling vehicle crime: a five year strategy. Report by the Vehicle Crime Reduction Ac-tion Team, Home Office, London.

Walker, A., Flatley, J., Kershaw, C. and Moon, D. (2009) Crime in England and Wales 2008/09: findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11/09 Vol. 1, Home Of-fice, London.

Webb, B. (1994) Steering column locks and motor vehicle theft: evaluations from three coun¬tries, in R.V.G. Clarke (ed.) Crime prevention studies, Vol. 2, pp. 71–89. New York: Willow Tree Press.

Webb, B. and Laycock, G. (1991) Reducing crime on the London Underground. Crime Pre¬vention Unit Se-ries Paper 30, Home Office, London.

Webb, B. and Laycock, G. (1992) Tackling car crime: the nature and extent of the problem. Crime Preven-tion Unit Series Paper 32, Home Office, London.

Webb, B., Brown, B. and Bennett, K. (1992) Preventing car crime in car parks. Crime Preven¬tion Unit Se-ries Paper 34, Home Office, London.

Webb, B., Smith, M. and Laycock, G. (2004) Designing out crime through vehicle licensing and registration systems, in M. Maxfield and R.V. Clarke (eds) Understanding and preventing car theft,

pp. 67–84. Crime Prevention Studies Vol. 17. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (2009) Public area CCTV and crime prevention: an updated systematic re-view and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 26(4), pp. 716–745.

Which? (1991) Car security league. February, pp. 107–109.

Wilkins, L.T. (1964) Social deviance. London: Tavistock Publications.

مراجع الفصل 17

Ayling, J., Grabosky, P. and Shearing, C. (2009) Lengthening the Arm of the Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bamfield, J. A. N. (2012) Shopping and Crime. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Beck, A. (2014) ‘Understanding Loss in the Retail Sector’. In M. Gill (ed.) The Handbook of Security (2nd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 361–383.

Beck, A. and Hopkins, M. (2015) ‘Developments in Mobile Scanning Technology: Understand¬ing the Po-tential Impact on Shrinkage & Loss Prevention’, ESRC Retail KE Opps Grant 2013 (Grant Reference: ES/L005085/1).

Beck, A. with Peacock, C. (2009) New Loss Prevention: Redefining Shrinkage Management. Basing¬stoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills) (2014) ‘Business Population Estimates for the UK and Regions 2014’, www.gov.uk/government/statistics/business-population-estimates-2014 [accessed 24 February 2015].

BRC (British Retail Consortium) (2009) Retail Crime Survey 2009. London: BRC. BRC (British Retail Consortium) (2015) Retail Crime Survey 2014. London: BRC. Briggs, R. and Edwards, C. (2006) The Business of Resilience. London: DEMOS.

Britten, A., Kershaw, C., Osborne, S. and Smith, K. (2012) ‘Underlying Patterns within the England and Wales Crime Drop’. In J. Van Dijk, T. Tseloni and G. Farrell (eds) The Inter¬national Crime Drop: New Directions in Research. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 159–182. Brooks, D. and Corkill, J. (2014) ‘Corporate Security and the Stratum of Security Management’. In K. Walby and R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in

International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 216–234. Bullock, K. (2014) Citizens, Community and Crime Control. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Burrows, J. and Hopkins, M. (2005) ‘Business and Crime’. In N. Tilley (ed.) The Handbook of Crime Pre-vention. Cullompton: Willan, pp. 486–515.

Cardone, C. and Hayes, R. (2012) ‘Shoplifter Perceptions of Store Environments: An Analysis of How Physical Cues in the Retail Interior Shape Shoplifter Behavior’. Journal of Applied Security Research, 7(1): 22–58.

Casteel, C., Peek-Asa, C., Greenland, S., Chu, L. D. and Kraus J. (2008) ‘A Study of the Effec¬tiveness of a Workplace Violence Intervention for Small Retail and Service Establishments’. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50(12): 1365–1370.

Casteel, C., Peek-Asa, C., Howard, J. and Kraus, J. (2004) ‘Effectiveness of Crime Prevention through En-vironmental Design in Reducing Criminal Activity in Liquor Stores: A Pilot Study’. Journal of Occupa-tional and Environmental Medicine, 46(5): 450–458.

DiLonardo, R. and Clarke, R. (1996) ‘Reducing the Rewards of Shoplifting: An Evaluation of Ink Tags’. Secu-rity Journal, 7(1): 11–14.

Eck, J. and Guerette, R. (2012) ‘Place-Based Crime Prevention: Theory, Evidence and Policy’. In B. Welsh and D. Farrington (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 355–383.

Ernst & Young (2014) ‘Get Ahead of Cybercrime EY’s Global Information Security Survey 2014’, Ernst & Young.

Farrington, D. and Welsh, B. (2006) ‘How Important is “Regression to the Mean” in Area-Based Crime Prevention Research?’ Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 8(1): 50–60.

Farrington, D., Bowen, S., Buckle, A., Burns-Howell, T., Burrows, J. and Speed, M. (1993) An Experiment on the Prevention of Shoplifting. London: Dixons Stores Group.

Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Gill, M. (2013) ‘Engaging the Corporate Sector in Policing: Realities and Opportunities’. Polic¬ing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 7(3): 273–279.

Gill, M. (2014a) ‘Senior Police Officers’ Perspectives on Private Security: Sceptics, Pragmatists and Embrac-ers’. Policing and Society. DOI:10.1080/10439463.2013.865736.

Gill, M. (2014b) ‘Exploring Some Contradictions of Modern Day Security’. In M. Gill (ed.) The Handbook of Security (2nd edn). London: Palgrave, pp. 980–1000.

Gill, M. and Howell, C. (2014) ‘Policing Organisations: The Role of the Corporate Security Function and the Implications for Suppliers’. International Journal of Police Science and Manage¬ment, 16(1): 65–75.

Gill, M., Howell, C. and Horton, T. (2013) ‘Bundled versus Single Service Security: A Discus-sion’. Perpetui-ty Research and Consultancy International, Leicester.

Goold, B., Loader, I. and Thumala, A. (2010) ‘Consuming Security? Tools for a Sociology of Security Con-sumption’. Theoretical Criminology, 14: 3–30.

Hayes, R., Johns, T., Scicchitano, M., Downs, D. and Pietrawska, B. (2011) ‘Evaluating the Effects of Protec-tive Keeper Boxes on “Hot Product” Loss and Sales: A Randomized Control¬led Trial’. Security Journal, 24(4): 357–369.

Home Office (2013) ‘Crime against Business: Headline Findings from the 2012 Commercial Victimisation Survey’. Home Office, London.

Home Office (2014) ‘Crime against Business: Headline Findings from the 2013 Commercial Victimisation Survey’. Home Office, London.

Home Office (2015) ‘Crime against Business: Headline Findings from the 2014 Commercial Victimisation Survey’. Home Office, London.

Home Office (2016) ‘Crime against Business: Headline Findings from the 2015 Commercial Victimisation Survey’. Home Office, London.

Hopkins, M. and Fox, G. (2013) ‘The Choice Structuring Properties of Security Consumption: An Explorato-ry Study of Security Consumption Culture within Small Shops’. Security Journal, doi 10.1057/sj.2013.28.

Jaimes-Bello, O. and Vielma-Orozco, E. (2013) ‘Measuring Crime against the Private Sector in Mexico: The Crime against Business National Survey (ENVE)’. In G. Mugellini (ed.) Crime against the Private Sector. UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Mexico.

Lasky, N. V., Fisher, B. S. and Jacques, S. (2015) ‘“Thinking Thief” in the Crime Prevention Arms Race: Lessons Learned from Shoplifters’. Security Journal advance online publication, doi:10.1057/sj.2015.21.

Levi, M. (2014) ‘Fighting Organized Crime and the Threats to Business’. In M. Gill (ed.) The Handbook of Security (2nd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 256–279.

Levi, M. and Hyde, S. (2013) ‘Relevance of Measuring Crime against the Private Sector for Deigning Public Policies to Prevent and Fight the Phenomenon: Some Best Practices’. In G. Mugellini (2013) Crime against the Private Sector. UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Mexico.

Lippert, R. and Walby, K. (2012) ‘Municipal Corporate Security and the Intensification of Urban Surveil-lance’. Surveillance and Society, 9(2): 310–320.

Lippert, R. and Walby, K. (eds) (2014) Corporate Security in the 21st Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Lund Petersen, K. (2014) ‘The Politics of Corporate Security and the Translation of National Security’. In K. Walby and R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 78–94.

McCarthy, D. (2014) ‘Soft’ Policing. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

McNees, P., Egli, D., Marshall, R., Schnelle, J. and Risley, T. (1976) ‘Shoplifting Prevention: Providing In-formation through Signs’. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 9: 399–405.

Macpherson, J. (2009) ‘Guest Editorial: Security Manned Guarding and the Hidden Outcomes of the UK’s Opt-Outs from the EU’s Maximum Working Week Legislation’. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 8: 77–78.

Mawby, R. I. (2014) ‘Commercial Burglary’. In M. Gill (ed.) The Handbook of Security (2nd edn). Basing-stoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 279–301.

Mirrlees-Black, C. and Ross, A. (1995) ‘Crime against Retail and Manufacturing Premises: Find¬ings from the 1994 Commercial Victimisation Survey’. Home Office Research Study no. 146, Home Office, London.

Mugellini, G. (2013) Measuring and Analyzing Crime Against the Private Sector: International Experi¬ences and the Mexican Practice. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia.

National Retail Federation (2014) ‘2014 Organized Retail Crime Survey’. https://nrf.com/ resources/retail-library/2014-organized-retail-crime-survey-0 [accessed 1 August 2015].

ONS (2015) www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/year-ending-september-2014/

sty-stock-take-of-crime-statistics.html released 22 January 2015 [accessed 1 May 2015]. Palmer, W. and Rich-ardson, C. (2009) Organized Retail Crime: Assessing the Risk and Developing

Effective Strategies. Alexandria, VA: ASIS Foundation Crisp Report.

Pease, K. and Gill, M. (2011) Home Security and Place Design: Some Evidence and its Policy Implica¬tions. Tunbridge Wells: Perpetuity Re-search.

Prenzler, T. and Sarre, R. (2007) ‘Private Police: Partners or Rivals’. In M. Mitchell and J. Casey (eds) Police Leadership and Management. Sydney: Federation Press, pp. 50–60.

Prenzler, T. and Sarre, R. (2014) ‘The Role of Partnerships in Security Management’. In M. Gill (ed.) The Handbook of Security (2nd edn). London: Palgrave, pp. 769–790.

PWC (PriceWaterhouseCoopers) (2014) ‘Economic Crime: A Threat to Businesses Globally: PWC’s 2014 Economic Crime Survey’. USA: PWC.

Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. (2011) Private Security and Public Interest: Exploring Private Security Trends and Directions for Reform in the New Era of Plural Policing. Australian Research Council, Can¬berra.

Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. (2014) ‘Trends and Issues in Corporate Security Practice and Regula¬tion in Aus-tralia’. in K. Walby and R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 199–215.

Shury, J., Speed, M., Vivian, D., Kueachel, A. and Nicholas, S. (2005) ‘Crime against Retail and Manufactur-ing Premises: Findings from the 2002 Commercial Victimisation Survey’. Home Office Online Report 37/05, Home Office, London.

Smith, M. and Clarke, R. (2012) ‘Situational Crime Prevention: Classifying Techniques Using “Good Enough” Theory’. In B. Welsh and D. Farrington (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention. Ox-ford: Oxford University Press, pp. 291–315.

Stutzenberger, A. and Fisher, B. (2014) ‘The Extent, Nature and Responses to Workplace Viol¬ence Global-ly: Issues and Findings’. In M. Gill (ed.) The Handbook of Security (2nd edn). Bas¬ingstoke: Palgrave Macmil-lan, pp. 206–233.

Taylor, E. and Gill, M. (2014) ‘CCTV: Reflections on its Use, Abuse and Effectiveness’. In M. Gill (ed.) The Handbook of Security (2nd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 705–727. Thumala, A., Goold, B. and Loader, I. (2011) ‘A Tainted Trade: Moral Ambivalence and Legiti-

mation Work in the Private Security Industry’. British Journal of Sociology, 62: 283–303.

Tilley, N. (2010) ‘Shoplifting’. In F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H. Pierpoint and T. Bennett (eds)

Handbook on Crime. Willan: Cullompton, pp. 48–67.

Tilley, N., Thompson, R., Farrell, G., Grove, L. and Tseloni, A. (2015) ‘Do Burglar Alarms increase Burglary Risk?: A Counter-Intuitive Finding and Possible Explanations’. Crime Pre¬vention and Community Safe-ty, 17(1): 1–19.

van Dijk, J., Tseloni, A. and Farrell, G. (2012a) The International Crime Drop: New Directions in Research. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

van Dijk, J., Tseloni, A. and Farrell, G. (eds) (2012b) Closing the Doors: New Perspectives on the International Crime Falls. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Wakefield, A. (2014) ‘Corporate Security and Enterprise Risk Management’. In K. Walby and

R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in International Per¬spective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 235–253.

Walby, K. and Lippert, R. (2012) ‘The New Keys to the City: Uploading Corporate Security and Threat Discourse into Canadian Municipal Governments’. Crime Law and Social Change, 58(4): 437–455.

Walby, K. and Lippert, R. (eds) (2014a) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in In-ternational Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Walby, K. and Lippert, R. (2014b) ‘Introduction: Governing Every Person, Place, and Thing: Critical Studies of Corporate Security’. In K. Walby and R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan,

pp. 1–13.

Westerlund, M., Rajala, R. and Rajala, A. (2011) ‘West Security Service Adoption in b2b Context: Do Clients and Providers hold Congruent Views?’ European Journal of Management, 11(3): 42–51.

White, A. (2014) ‘Beyond the Regulatory Gaze? Corporate Security, (In)Visibility and the Modern State’. In K. Walby and R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in Inter-national Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 39–55.

White, A. and Gill, M. (2013) ‘The Transformation of Policing: From Ratios to Rationalities’.

British Journal of Criminology, 53(1): 74–93.

Wilkinson, B. (2014) ‘Relationships and Conflicts in Canadian University Corporate Security Networks’. In K. Walby and R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 155–173.

Williams, J. (2005) ‘Governability Matters: The Private Policing of Economic Crime and the Challenge of Democratic Governance’. Policing and Society, 15(2): 187–211.

Williams, J. (2014) ‘The Private Eyes of Corporate Culture: The Forensic Accounting and Cor¬porate Inves-tigation Industry and the Production of Corporate Financial Security’. In K. Walby and R. Lippert (eds) Corporate Security in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice in Inter¬national Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 56–77.

Williams, L. (ed.) (2016) ‘Crime against Business: Findings from the 2015 Commercial Victimi¬sation Sur-vey’. Home Office, London.

Zedner, L. (2009) Security. London: Routledge.

مراجع الفصل 18

Atlas, R. 1990. ‘Offensible Space’: Law and Order Obstruction through Environmental Design.

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 34(7): 570–574.

Bouloukos, A. C., Farrell, G. and Laycock, G. 2003. Transnational Organised Crime in Europe and North America: The Need for Situational Crime Prevention Efforts. In: Crime and Crimi¬nal Justice in Europe and North America 1995–1997: Report on the Sixth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and Crim-inal Justice Systems, edited by K. Aromaa, S. LeppŠ, S. Nevala and N. Ollus (pp. 176–192). Helsinki: HEUNI.

Bullock, K., Clarke, R.V. and Tilley, N. (eds). 2010. Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Clarke, R.V. 1997. Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. Albany, NY: Harrow & Heston.

Clarke, R.V. 2009. Situational Crime Prevention: Theoretical Background and Current Prac¬tice. In: Hand-book on Crime and Deviance, edited by M.D. Krohn, A.J. Lizotte and G.P. Hall (pp. 259–276). Hand-books of Sociology and Social Research, 14. Springer: New York.

Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. 1979. Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review 44(4): 588–608.

Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. 2002. Analyzing Organized Crimes. In: Rational Choice and Criminal Be-havior: Recent Research and Future Challenges, edited by A.R. Piquero and S.G. Tib-betts (pp. 41–62). New York: Garland.

Cressey, D.R. 1969. Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America.

New York: Harper & Row.

Edwards, A. and Levi, M. 2008. Researching the Organization of Serious Crimes. Criminology and Crimi-nal Justice 8(4): 363–388.

Ekblom, P. 2003. Organised Crime and the Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity Framework. In: Trans-national Organised Crime: Perspectives on Global Security, edited by A. Edwards and P. Gill (pp. 239–263). London: Routledge.

Farrell, G., Tilley, N. and Tseloni, A. 2014. Why the Crime Drop? In: Why Crime Rates Fall and Why They Don’t, edited by M. Tonry (pp. 421–490). Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 43. Chicago, IL: Uni-versity of Chicago Press.

Felson, M. 2006. Crime and Nature. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Guerette, R. and Bowers, K.T. 2009. Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations. Criminology 47(4): 1331–1368. Huisman, S. and Jansen, F. 2012. Willing Offenders outwitting Capable Guardians. Trends in

Organized Crime 15(2&3): 93–110.

Jacobs, J.B. 1999. Gotham Unbound: How New York City was Liberated from the Grip of Organized Crime. New York and London: New York University Press.

Kleemans, E.R. 2007. Organized Crime, Transit Crime, and Racketeering. In: Crime and Justice in the Netherlands, edited by M. Tonry and C. Bijleveld (pp. 163–215). Crime and Justice: A Review of Re-search, 35. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Kleemans, E.R. 2014. Theoretical Perspectives on Organized Crime. In: Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime, edited by L. Paoli (pp. 32–52). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kleemans, E.R. 2015. Criminal Organization and Transnational Crime. In: Histories of Trans¬national Crime, edited by G.J.N. Bruinsma (pp. 171–185). Springer: New York.

Kleemans, E.R. and Huisman, W. 2015. Multi-Agency Approaches in ‘Criminogenic’ Settings: The Case of the Amsterdam Red Light District. Crime, Law and Social Change 64(4): 247–261. Kleemans, E.R. and Van de Bunt, H.G. 1999. The Social Embeddedness of Organized Crime.

Transnational Organized Crime 5(1): 19–36.

Kleemans, E.R. and Van de Bunt, H.G. 2008. Organised Crime, Occupations and Opportunity.

Global Crime 9(3): 185–197.

Kleemans, E.R., Soudijn, M.R.J., and Weenink, A. 2011. Situational Crime Prevention and Cross-Border Crime. In: Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes, edited by K. Bullock, R.V. Clarke, and N. Tilley (pp. 17–32). Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing.

Kleemans, E.R., Soudijn, M.R.J. and Weenink, A. (eds). 2012a. Situational Crime Prevention and Orga-nized Crime. Trends in Organized Crime 15(2–3).

Kleemans, E.R., Soudijn, M.R.J. and Weenink, A.W. 2012b. Organized Crime, Situational Crime Preven-tion and Routine Activity Theory. Trends in Organized Crime 15(2–3): 87–92.

KLPD/DNR. 2012. Criminaliteitsbeeldanalyse 2012: Synthetische Drugs en Precursoren. Woerden: Korps landelijke politiediensten (KLPD), Dienst Nationale Recherche (DNR).

Levi, M. and Maguire, M. 2004. Reducing and Preventing Organized Crime: An Evidence-Based Critique. Crime, Law and Social Change 41(5): 397–469.

Ministerie van Justitie. 2001. Samenspannen Tegen XTC: Een Plan van Aanpak ter Intensivering van het Nederlandse Beleid Inzake Synthetische Drugs. Files of the Dutch House of Representatives 2000–2001, no. 23760, nr. 14. The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers.

Morselli, C. and Roy, J. 2008. Brokerage Qualifications in Ringing Operations. Criminology

(1): 71–98.

Neve, R., Van Ooyen-Houben, M., Snippe, J., Bieleman, B., Kruize, A. and Bijl, R. 2007. Samenspannen Tegen XTC. Eindevaluatie van de XTC-nota. The Hague/Groningen: ODC/ Intraval, Cahier 2007–2.

Paoli, L. and Vander Beken, T. 2014. Organized Crime: A Contested Concept. In: Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime, edited by L. Paoli (pp. 13–31). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Paoli, L., Greenfield, V.A. and Reuter, P. 2009. The World Heroin Market: Can Supply be Cut?

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Reuter, P. 1983. Disorganized Crime: Illegal Markets and the Mafia. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Sieber, U. and Bšgel, M. 1993. Logistik der Organisierten KriminalitŠt (Logistics of Organized

Crime). Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt.

Soudijn, M.R.J. and Vijlbrief, M.F.J. 2011. The Production of Ecstasy in the Netherlands. In: Routledge Handbook of International Criminology, edited by C.J. Smith, S.X. Zhang and R. Bar-baret (pp. 248–259). Oxford: Routledge.

Soudijn, M. and Kleemans, E.R. 2009. Chinese Organized Crime and Situational Context: A Comparison of Human Smuggling and Synthetic Drugs Trafficking. Crime, Law and Social Change 52(5): 457–474.

Tilley, N. and Hopkins, M. 2008. Organized Crime and Local Businesses. Criminology and Crimi¬nal Justice 8(4): 443–459.

Van de Bunt, H.G. and van der Schoot, C.R.A. 2003. Prevention of Organised Crime: A Situational Ap-proach (No. 215 Onderzoek en Beleid). The Hague: WODC.

Van der Schoot, C.R.A. 2006. Organised Crime Prevention in the Netherlands: Exposing the Effectiveness of Preventive Measures. PhD thesis, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam. Van Ooijen-Houben, M.M.J. and Kleemans, E.R. 2015. Drug Policy: The ‘Dutch Model’.

Crime and Justice. A Review of Research 44: 165–226.

Van Rijn, A.J. 2014. LFO: Voortgangsrapportage 1-1-2013 t/m 30-6-2014. Amsterdam: Nationale Politie.

Varese, F. 2011. Mafias on the Move. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Vijlbrief, M. 2012. Looking for Displacement Effects: Exploring the Case of Ecstasy and Amphetamine in the Netherlands. Trends in Organized Crime 15(2&3): 198–214.

Von Lampe, K. 2011. The Application of the Framework of Situational Crime Prevention to ‘Organized Crime’. Criminology and Criminal Justice 11(2): 145–163.

World Economic Forum. 2012. Organized Crime Enablers. Global Agenda Council on Organized Crime. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

مراجع الفصل 19

Alcohol Health Alliance (2013). ‘Health first: An evidence-based alcohol strategy for the UK’. University of Stirling, Stirling, www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19564/.

Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence and the moral life of the inner city. New York: Nor-ton.

Anderson, P., Chisholm, D. and Fuhr, C. (2009). ‘Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and pro-grammes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol’. Lancet, 373, 2234–2246.

Audit Commission (1993). Tackling crime effectively. London: Audit Commission. Bartlett, J., Grist, M. and Hahn, B. (2011). Under the influence. London: Demos.

Bellis, M., Hughes, K., Perkins, C. and Bennett, A. (2012). ‘Protecting people promoting health: A public health approach to violence prevention for England’. Centre for Public Health, Liv¬erpool John Moores University.

Bennett, T. and Brookman, F. (2010). Street robbery. In F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H. Pier¬point and T. Bennett (eds), The handbook on crime. Cullompton: Willan.

BMA (2007). Domestic abuse: A report from the BMA Board of Science. London: British Medical Association.

Bolier, L., Voorham, L., Monshouwer, K., van Hasselt, N. and Bellis, M. (2011). ‘Alcohol and drug preven-tion in nightlife settings: A review of experimental studies’. Substance Use and Misuse, 46, 1569–1591.

Braga, A. (2017, in press). ‘Focused deterrence and the reduction of gang homicide’. In F. Brookman, E. Maguire and M. Maguire (eds), The handbook of homicide. New York: Wiley.

Braga, A. and Weisburd, D. (2012). ‘The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime: A sys¬tematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence’. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49, 323–358.

Braga, A., Hureau, D. and Papachristos, A. (2011). ‘The relevance of micro places to citywide robbery trends: A longitudinal analysis of robbery incidents at street corners and block faces in Boston’. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48, 7–32.

Braga, A., Hureau, D. and Papachristos, A. (2014). ‘Deterring gang-involved gun violence: Measuring the impact of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire on street gang behavior’. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30, 113–139.

Braga, A., Papachristos, A. and Hureau, D. (2012). Hot spots policing effects on crime. Campbell Sys¬tematic Reviews 2012:8 (DOI: 10.4073/csr.2012.8).

Brantingham, P. and Faust, F. (1976). ‘A conceptual model of crime prevention’. Crime and Delinquency, 22(3), 284–296.

Brennan, I., Moore, S., Byrne, E. and Murphy, S. (2011). ‘Interventions for disorder and severe intoxication in and around licensed premises, 1989–2009’. Addiction, 106, 706–713.

Brookman, F. (2010). ‘Homicide’. In F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H. Pierpoint and T. Bennett (eds), The handbook on crime. Cullompton: Willan.

Brookman, F., Bennett, T., Hochstetler, A. and Copes, H. (2011). ‘The “code of the street” and the genera-tion of street violence in the UK’. European Journal of Criminology, 8(1), 17–31.

Brookman, F., Bennett, T.H., Mullins, C. and Wright, R. (2007). ‘Gender, motivation and the accomplish-ment of street robbery in the United Kingdom’. British Journal of Criminology, 47(6), 861–884.

Bullock, K. and Tilley, N. (2003). Crime reduction and problem-oriented policing. Cullompton: Willan.

Butchart, A., Mikton, C. and Kieselbach, B. (2012). ‘WHO violence prevention alliance global campaign for violence prevention: Plan of action for 2012–2020’. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/ gcvp_plan_of_action.pdf.

Buzawa, E., Buzawa, C. and Stark, E. (2012). Responding to domestic violence: The integration of criminal justice and human services (4th edn). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

CAADA (2014). ‘A review of services for victims of domestic abuse in South Wales: Report to the Police and Crime Commissioner of South Wales’. Coordinated Action Against Domestic Abuse, Bristol.

Chung, D. (2015). ‘Behavior change programs for intimate partner violence abusers: A means to promote the safety of women and children?’ In H. Johnson, B. Fisher and V. Jaquier (eds), Critical issues and promising strategies on violence against women: International perspectives. London: Routledge.

Cissner, A., Labriorla, M. and Rempel, M. (2013). Testing the effects of New York’s domestic violence courts: A statewide impact evaluation. New York: Center for Court Innovation.

Clarke, R. (2008). Improving street lighting to reduce crime in residential areas. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Coker, A. and Clear, E. (2015). ‘New approaches to violence prevention through bystander intervention’. In H. Johnson, B. Fisher and V. Jaquier (eds), Critical issues and promising strategies on violence against women: International perspectives. London: Routledge.

Cook, D., Burton, M., Robinson, A. and Vallely, C. (2004). ‘Evaluation of specialist domestic violence courts/fast track systems’. Crown Prosecution Service and Department of Constitu¬tional Affairs, London. Available at: www.cps.gov.uk/publications/reports/index.html.

Corsaro, N. and Engel, R. (2015). ‘Most challenging of contexts: Assessing the impact of focused deterrence on serious violence in New Orleans’. Criminology and Public Policy, 14, 471–505.

Coy, M. and Kelly, L. (2011). ‘Islands in the stream: An evaluation of four London independent domestic violence advocacy schemes’. Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metro¬politan University, London.

Crawford, A. (2007). ‘Crime prevention and community safety’. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan and

R. Reiner (eds), The Oxford handbook of criminology (4th edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Decker, S.H. and Pyrooz, D.C. (2010). ‘On the validity and reliability of gang homicide: A comparison of disparate sources’. Homicide Studies, 14, 359–376.

Deehan, A. (1999). ‘Alcohol and crime: Taking stock’. Crime Reduction Research Series Paper 3, Home Of-fice, London.

Deuchar, R. (2013). Policing youth violence: Transatlantic connections. London: IOE Press. Drinkaware (2013). Changing the culture around alcohol. The social impact of Drinkaware’s 2012 cam-

paigns. London: Drinkaware.

Eck, J. (2006). ‘Preventing crime at places’. In L. Sherman, D. Farrington, B. Welsh and D. MacKenzie (eds), Evidence-based crime prevention. New York: Routledge.

Esbensen, F., Osgood, D., Peterson, D., Taylor, T. and Carson, D. (2013). ‘Short- and long¬term outcome re-sults from a multisite evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. program’. Criminology and Public Policy, 12, 375–411.

Evans, K. (2011). Crime prevention: A critical introduction. London: Sage.

Farrington, D. and Welsh, B. (2007). Improved street lighting and crime prevention: A systematic review. Stockholm: National Council for Crime Prevention.

Feder, G., Agnew Davies, R., Baird, K., Dunne, D., Eldridge, S., Griffiths, C., Gregory, A., Howell, A., John-son, M., Ramsay, J., Rutterford, C. and Sharp, D. (2011). ‘Identification and Referral to Improve Safety (IRIS) of women experiencing domestic violence with a primary care training and support programme: A cluster randomised controlled trial’. Lancet, 378, 1788–1795.

Flood, M. (2015). ‘Current practices to preventing sexual and intimate partner violence’. In H. Johnson, B. Fisher and V. Jaquier (eds), Critical issues and promising strategies on violence against women: Interna-tional perspectives. London: Routledge.

Garc’a-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., Lucas d’Oliveira, A.F., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M. and Feder, G. (2015). ‘The health-systems response to violence against women’. Lancet, 385(9977), 1567–1579.

Gilchrist, E. (2013). ‘Domestic abuse in the UK: Why we need to understand perpetrators’. In

N. Lombard and L. McMillan (eds), Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploita-tion. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Gilchrist, E., Johnson, R., Takriti, R., Weston, S., Beech, A. and Kebbell, M. (2003). ‘Domestic violence of-fenders: Characteristics and offending related needs’. Findings no. 217, Home Office, London Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.

Graham, K. and Homel, R. (1997). ‘Creating safer bars’. In M. Plant, E. Single and T. Stockwell (eds), Al-cohol: Minimising the harm – what works? London: Free Association Books.

Hadfield, P. and Measham, F. (2011). Lost orders? Law enforcement and alcohol in England and Wales. London: The Portman Group.

Hadfield, P., Lister, S. and Traynor, P. (2009). ‘This town’s a different town today: Policing and regulating the night-time economy’. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 9(4), 465–485.

Harris, D., Turner, R., Garrett, I. and Atkinson, S. (2011). ‘Understanding the psychology of gang violence: Implications for designing effective violence interventions’. Ministry of Justice Research Series 2/11, Min-istry of Justice, London.

Hastings, D. and Kantor, G. (2004). ‘Screening for family violence with perioperative patients’. In K. Ken-dall-Tackett (ed.), Health consequences of abuse in the family. Washington, DC: Ameri¬can Psychologi-cal Association.

Hart, T. and Miethe, T. (2014). ‘Street robbery and public bus stops: A case study of activity nodes and situa-tional risk’. Security Journal, 27(2), 180–193.

Health Foundation (2010). Improvements in practice: The IRIS case study. London: Health Foundation.

Herrenkohl, T., Sousa, C., Tajima, E., Herrenkohl, R. and Moylan, C. (2008). ‘Intersection of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence’. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 9, 84–99.

Hester, M. (2006). ‘Making it through the criminal justice system: Attrition and domestic viol-ence’. Social Policy and Society, 5, 79–90.

Hobbs, D., Hadfield, P., Lister, S. and Winlow, S. (2003). Bouncers: Violence and governance in the night-time economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Holt, T. and Spencer, J. (2005). ‘A little yellow box: The targeting of automatic teller machines as a strate-gy in reducing street robbery’. Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 7, 15–28.

Home Office (2011). ‘Ending gang and youth violence: A cross-government report’. Home Office, London. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/97861/gang-violence-summary.pdf.

Home Office (2012). ‘Consultation on changes to firearms controls’. Summary of Responses, Home Office, London.

Home Office (2013a). ‘Information for local areas on the change to the definition of domestic violence and abuse’. Home Office, London.

Home Office (2013b). ‘Ending gang and youth violence programme: Annual report 2013’. Home Office, London.

Home Office (2014a). ‘Multi agency working and information sharing project final report’. Home Office, London.

Home Office (2014b). ‘Review of the operation of injunctions to prevent gang-related viol-ence’. Home Of-fice, London. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ up-loads/attachment_data/file/278786/ReviewInjunctionsGangRelatedViolence.pdf.

Home Office (2014c). ‘Ending gang and youth violence: Community engagement’. Home Office, London. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ da-ta/file/318551/EndingGangYouthViolenceCommunityEngagement.pdf.

Home Office (2015). www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-knife-gun-and-gang-crime/2010-to-2015-government-policy-knife-gun-and-gang-crime.

Homel, R. and Clarke, J. (1994). ‘The prediction and prevention of violence in pubs and clubs’. In R.V. Clarke (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies (Vol 3). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Houses of Parliament (2015). ‘Policing domestic abuse’. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology Research Briefing 515, Westminster, London.

Howarth, E. and Robinson, A. (2016). ‘Responding effectively to women experiencing severe abuse: Identi-fying key components in a British advocacy intervention’. Violence Against Women, 22(1), 41–63.

Howarth, E., Stimpson, L., Barran, D. and Robinson, A. (2009). Safety in numbers: A multi-site evaluation of in-dependent domestic violence advisor services. Hestia Trust. Available at: www.henry-smithcharity.org.uk/documents/SafetyinNumbersFullReportNov09.pdf.

Hughes, K., Bellis, M., Hardcastle, K., Butchart, A., Dahlberg, L., Mercy, J. and Mikton, C. (2014). ‘Global development and diffusion of outcome evaluation research for interpersonal and self-directed violence prevention from 2007 to 2013: A systematic review’. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(6), 655–662.

John, T. and Maguire, M. (2003). ‘Rolling out the national intelligence model: Key challenges’. In K. Bull-ock and N. Tilley (eds), Crime reduction and problem-oriented policing. Cullompton: Willan.

Jones, B. and Tilley, N. (2004). ‘The impact of high visibility patrols on personal robbery’. Research Findings No. 201, Home Office, London.

Jones, L., Hughes, K., Atkinson, A. and Bellis, M.A. (2011). ‘Reducing harm in drinking environments: A systematic review of effective approaches’. Health and Place, 17, 508–518.

Jones, S.K., Bates, L., Blackwell, A. and Hanson, W. (2015). ‘Does help from a hospital-based domestic abuse service improve victims’ health? Baseline findings from the Themis evaluation’. National Centre for the Study and Prevention of Violence and Abuse (NCSPVA) Conference, Worcester University.

Katz, J. (2015). ‘Engaging men in prevention of violence against women’. In H. Johnson, B. Fisher and V. Jaquier (eds), Critical issues and promising strategies on violence against women: Inter¬national perspectives. London: Routledge.

Keeling, J. (2008). ‘Effective educational strategies’. In J. Keeling and T. Mason (eds), Domestic violence: A multi-professional approach for healthcare practitioners. Maidenhead: Open University Press, McGraw Hill Education.

Kelly, L. and Westmarland, N. (2015). ‘New approaches to assessing effectiveness and outcomes of domestic vi-olence perpetrator programmes’. In H. Johnson, B. Fisher and V. Jaquier (eds), Critical issues and promising strate-gies on violence against women: International perspectives. London: Routledge.

Kennedy, D., Braga, A., Piehl, A. and Waring, E.J. (2001). ‘Measuring the impact of operation ceasefire’. In Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project’s Operation Ceasefire. Washington, DC: National In-stitute of Justice.

Ker, K. and Chinnock, P. (2006). ‘Interventions in the alcohol server settings for preventing injuries’. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, CD005244.

KPMG LLP/Home Office (2008). ‘Review of the social responsibility standards for the produc¬tion and sale of alcoholic drinks’. KPMG LLP, Birmingham.

Leigh, A., Read, T. and Tilley, N. (1996). ‘Problem oriented policing: Brit pop’. Police Research Group, Crime Detection and Prevention Series Paper 75, Home Office, London.

Livingston, M. (2008). ‘Alcohol outlet density and assault: A spatial analysis’. Addiction, 103, 619–628.

Machin, S. and Marie, O. (2005). ‘Crime and police resources: The street crime initiative’. London School of Economics Discussion Paper No. 1853, IZA, Bonn, Germany.

McLaughlin, H., Banks, C., Bellamy, C., Robbins, R. and Thackray, D. (2015). ‘Domestic viol¬ence, adult so-cial care and MARACs: Implications for practice’. NIHR School for Social Care Research, Manchester Metropolitan University.

Maguire, M. (2000). ‘Policing by risks and targets: Some dimensions and implications of intelligence-led crime control’. Policing and Society, 9, 1–22.

Maguire, M. (2004). ‘The crime reduction programme: Reflections on the vision and the reality’. Criminal Justice (Special Issue), 43(3), 213–237.

Maguire, M. and Hopkins, M. (2003). ‘Data analysis for problem-solving: Alcohol and city centre violence’. In K. Bullock and N. Tilley (eds), Crime reduction and problem-oriented policing. Cullompton: Willan.

Maguire, M. and Kemshall, H. (2004). ‘Multi-agency public protection arrangements: Key issues’. In H. Kemshall and G. MacKenzie (eds), Managing sex offender risk. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Maguire, M. and McVie, S. (2017). ‘Crime data and criminal statistics: A critical reflection’ in Liebling, A. McAra, L. and Maruna, S. (eds), The Oxford handbook of criminology (6th edition). Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press.

Maguire, M. and Nettleton, H. (2003). ‘Reducing alcohol-related violence and disorder: An evalu¬ation of the “TASC” project’. Home Office Research Study 265, Home Office, London.

Martineau, F., Graff, H., Mitchell, C. and Lock, K. (2013a). ‘Responsibility without legal authority? Tackling alcohol-related health harms through licensing and planning policy in local government’. Journal of Public Health, 36(3), 435–442.

Martineau, F., Tyner, E., Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M. and Lock, K. (2013b). ‘Population-level interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm: An overview of systematic reviews’. Preventive Medicine, 57(4), 278–296.

Maxwell, C. and Garner, J. (2012). ‘The crime control effects of criminal sanctions for intimate partner vio-lence’. Partner Abuse, 3, 469–500.

Maxwell, C. and Robinson, A. (2013). ‘Can interventions reduce recidivism and re-victimization following adult intimate partner violence incidents?’ In L. Carroll, M. Perez and R. Taylor (eds), The evidence for vio-lence prevention across the lifespan and around the world. Forum on Global Violence Prevention. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.

Maxwell, C., Garner, J. and Fagan, J. (2002). ‘The preventive effects of arrest on intimate partner violence: Research, policy and theory’. Criminology and Public Policy, 2, 51–80.

Mayor of London (2014). ‘Strategic ambitions for London: Gangs and serious youth violence’. Mayor’s Of-fice, London. www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destina-tion/Strategic Ambitions for London.

Monk, K., Heinonen, J. and Eck, J. (2010). ‘Street robbery’. Problem-oriented Guides for Police Series. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Moore, S., O’Brien, C., Alam, M., Cohen, D., Hood, K., Huang, C., Moore, L., Murphy, S., Playle, S., Siva-rajasingham, V., Spasic, I., Williams, A. and Shepherd, J. (2014). ‘All-Wales licensed premises interven-tion (AWLPI): A randomised controlled trial to reduce alcohol-related violence’. MC Public Health, 14, 21 (published online 2014, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-21).

NICE (2014). ‘Domestic violence and abuse: how health services, social care and the organisa¬tions they work with can respond effectively’. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph50. Nicholls J. (2012). ‘The government alcohol strategy 2012: Alcohol policy at a turning point?’

Drugs Education and Prevention Policy, 19, 355–359.

Nicholls, J. and Morris, J. (2014). ‘One too many? Sales to drunk customers: policy, enforcement and re-sponsibility’. Alcohol Research UK and the Alcohol Academy, London.

ONS (2015) ‘Crime in England and Wales, year ending March 2015’. Office for National Statis¬tics, London.

ONS (2016) ‘Crime statistics, focus on violent crime and sexual offences, year ending March 2015’. Office for National Statistics, London.

Papachristos, A. and Kirk, D. (2015). ‘Changing the street dynamic evaluating Chicago’s group violence reduc-tion strategy’. Criminology and Public Policy, 14(3), 525–558.

Parmar, A., Sampson, A. and Diamond, A. (2005). ‘Tackling domestic violence: Providing advo¬cacy and support to survivors of domestic violence’. Development and Practice Report 34, Home Office, London.

Pease, K. (2002). ‘Crime reduction’. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds), The Oxford handbook of criminology (3rd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pitts, J. (2008). Reluctant gangsters: The changing face of youth crime. Cullompton: Willan.

Pizzaro, J. (2017, in press). ‘Gang homicides in the United States: What we know and future research di-rections’. In F. Brookman, E. Maguire and M. Maguire (eds), The handbook of homi¬cide. New York: Wiley.

Pizzey, E. (1974). Scream quietly or the neighbours will hear. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Popova, S., Giesbrecht, N. and Bekmuradov, D. (2009). ‘Hours and days of sale and density of alcohol out-lets: Impacts on alcohol consumption and damage: a systematic review’. Alcohol Alcohol, 44, 500–516.

Purser, R. (1997). Prevention approaches to alcohol related crime: A review of a community based initiative from a UK Midlands city. Birming-ham: Aquarius.

Radford, L., Corral, S., Bradley, C., Fisher, H., Bassett, C., Howat, N. and Collishaw, S. (2010).

Child abuse and neglect in the UK today. London: NSPCC.

Ramsay, J., Carter, Y., Davidson, L., Dunne, D., Eldridge, S., Feder, G., Hegarty, K., Rivas, C., Taft, A. and Warburton, A. (2009). Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well-being of women who experience intimate partner abuse. Campbell Systematic Re-views: The Campbell Collaboration.

Ransford, C. and Slutkin, G. (2017, in press). ‘Seeing and treating violence as a health issue’. In F. Brook-man, E. Maguire and M. Maguire (eds), The handbook of homicide. New York: Wiley.

Ransford, C., Kane, C. and Slutkin, G. (2013). ‘Cure violence: A disease control approach to reduce violence and change behavior’. In T. Akers and E. Waltermauer (eds), Epidemiological criminology. Oxford: Routledge.

Richardson, A., Budd, T., Engineer, R., Phillips, A., Thompson, J. and Nicholls, J. (2003). ‘Drinking, crime and disorder’. Research Findings 185, Home Office, London. Available at: www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/r185.pdf.

Robinson, A. (2006). ‘Reducing repeat victimisation among high-risk victims of domestic viol¬ence: The ben-efits of a coordinated community response in Cardiff, Wales’. Violence Against Women, 12(8), 761–788.

Robinson, A. (2007). ‘Improving the civil–criminal interface for victims of domestic violence’.

Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 46(4), 356–371.

Robinson, A. (2009). ‘Independent Domestic Violence Advisors: A process evaluation’. School of Social Sci-ences, Cardiff University.

Robinson, A. (2010). ‘Risk and intimate partner violence’. In H. Kemshall and B. Wilkinson (eds), Good practice in risk assessment and risk management (3rd edn). London: Jessica Kingsley.

Robinson, A. (2015). ‘Pie in the sky? The use of criminal justice policies and practices for intimate partner violence’. In H. Johnson, B.S. Fisher and V. Jaquier (eds), Critical issues and promising strategies on violence against women: International perspectives. London: Routledge.

Robinson, A. and Payton, J. (2016). ‘Independent advocacy and multi-agency responses to domestic vio-lence’. In S. Hilder and V. Bettinson (eds), Domestic violence: Interdisciplinary per¬spectives on protection, prevention and intervention. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Robinson, A., Clancy, A. and Hanks, S. (2014). ‘Prevalence and characteristics of serial domestic abuse perpe-trators: Multi-agency evidence from Wales’. Cardiff University, Cardiff. Available at: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/67542/.

Rummery, K. (2013). ‘Partnership working and tackling violence against women: Pitfalls and possibilities’. In N. Lombard and L. McMillan (eds), Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation. London: Jessica Kingsley.

SafeLives (2015). Latest MARAC data. Available at http://safelives.org.uk/practice-support/ resources-marac-meetings/latest-marac-data.

Salazar, L., Emshoff, J., Baker, C. and Crowley, T. (2007). ‘Examining the behavior of a system: An out-come evaluation of a coordinated community response to domestic violence’. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 631–641.

Sherman, L. and Harris, H. (2013). ‘Increased homicide victimization of suspects arrested for domestic as-sault: A 23-year follow-up of the Milwaukee Domestic Violence Experiment (MilDVE)’. Journal of Exper-imental Criminology, 9(4), 491–514.

Shorey, R., Tirone, V. and Stuart, G. (2014). ‘Coordinated community response components for victims of intimate partner violence: A review of the literature’. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), 363–371.

Sivarajasingam, V. and Shepherd, J. (2010). ‘The roles of doctors and health services in com¬munity violence prevention’. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 71(3), 135–137.

Slutkin, G., Ransford, C. and Decker, R. (2015). ‘Cure violence: Treating violent behavior as a contagious disease’. In M. Maltz and S. Rice (eds), Envisioning criminology: Researchers on research as a process of discovery. New York: Springer.

Stanley, N. and Humphreys, C. (2014). ‘Multi-agency risk assessment and management for chil¬dren and families experiencing domestic violence’. Children and Youth Services Review, 47, 78–85.

Steel, N., Blakeborough, L. and Nicholas, S. (2011). ‘Supporting high-risk victims of domestic violence: A re-view of multi-agency risk assessment conferences (MARACs)’. Home Office, London.

Stockdale, E. and Gresham, P. (1998). ‘Tackling street robbery: A comparative evaluation of Operation Ea-gle Eye’. Paper No. 87, Crime Detection and Prevention Series, Home Office, London.

Sullivan, C. (1991). ‘The provision of advocacy services to women leaving abusive partners: An exploratory study’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6(1), 45–54.

Sullivan, C. and Bybee, D. (1999). ‘Reducing violence using community-based advocacy for women with abusive partners’. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 43–53.

Sullivan, C. and Gillum, T. (2009). ‘Evaluating community-based services’. In E. Stark and E. Buzawa (eds), Vio-lence against women in families and relationships: Victimization and the community response. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

Sutton, A., Cherney, A. and White, R. (2013). Crime prevention: Principles, perspectives and prac¬tices. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tierney, J., Grossman, J. and Resch, N. (2000). ‘Making a difference: An impact study of big brother big sis-ters’. Public/Private Ventures. Available at: www.ppv.org/ppv/publications/assets/111_ publication.pdf.

Tilley, N. (2004). ‘Applying theory-driven evaluation to the British Crime Reduction Pro¬gramme: The the-ories of the programme and of its evaluations’. Criminal Justice (Special Issue) 4(3), 255–276.

Tilley, N. (2009). Crime prevention. London: Routledge.

Tilley, N., Smith, J., Finer, S., Erol, R., Charles, C. and Dobby, J. (2004). ‘Problem-solving street crime: Practical lessons from the street crime initiative’. Home Office, London.

Todd, J. (2015). ‘RESPECT accredited programmes’. College of Policing DA Champions National Awards Event, London.

Tonry, M. and Farrington, D. (1995). ‘Strategic approaches to crime prevention’. In M. Tonry and D. Farrington (eds), Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Tuck, M. (1989). ‘Drinking and disorder: A study of non-metropolitan violence’. Home Office Research Study No. 108, Home Office, London.

United Nations General Assembly (2009). ‘Promoting development through the reduction and prevention of armed violence: Report of the Secretary-General’.

United Nations General Assembly (2012). ‘Intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of viol¬ence against women: Report of the Secretary-General’.

UNODC (2013). Global study on homicide 2013: Trends, context, data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Van Dijk, J. and de Waard, J. (1991). ‘Two-dimensional typology of crime prevention projects: With a bibli-ography’. Criminal Justice Abstracts, 483–503.

Vaughn, S. (2009). ‘The story of the shelter, “women’s advocates”’. In E. Stark and E. Buzawa (eds), Violence against women in families and relationships: Victimization and the community response. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

Vigil, J. (2006). ‘A multiple marginality framework of gangs’. In A. Egley, C. Maxson, J. Miller and M. Klein (eds), The modern gang reader (3rd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Walby, S., Towers, J. and Francis, B. (2016). ‘Is violent crime increasing or decreasing? A new methodology to measure repeat attacks making visible the significance of gender and domestic relations’. British Jour-nal of Criminology, 56(5), 1203–1234.

Wallin, E., Norstrom, T. and Andreasson, S. (2003). ‘Alcohol prevention targeting licensed pre¬mises: A study of effects on violence’. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 270.

Ward, L. and Diamond, A. (2009). ‘Tackling Knives Action Programme (TKAP) Phase 1: Over¬view of key trends from a monitoring programme’. Research Report 18, Home Office, London.

Ward, L., Nicholas, S. and Willoughby, M. (2011). ‘An assessment of the Tackling Knives and Serious Youth Violence Action Programme (TKAP): Phase II research report summary’. Home Office, London.

Webster, D., Whitehill, J., Vernick, J. and Parker, E. (2012). Evaluation of Baltimore’s safe streets program: Effects on attitudes, participants’ experiences, and gun violence. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for the Prevention of Youth Violence.

Welsh, B. and Farrington, D. (2012). ‘The future of crime prevention: Developmental and situ¬ational strat-egies’, NCJ 237329. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC. Available at: www.nij.gov/topics/crime/crime-prevention-working-group/documents/future-of-crime-prevention-research.pdf.

WHO (2010). European report on preventing violence and knife crime among young people. Copenha¬gen: World Health Organisation, Eu-rope.

WHO (2014). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Luxembourg: World Health Organ¬ization.

WHO (2015). Disease and injury regional mortality estimates, 2000–2012. Geneva: World Health Organi-zation.

Williams, D., Currie, D., Linden, W. and Donnelly, P. (2014). ‘Addressing gang-related viol¬ence in Glas-gow: A preliminary pragmatic quasi-experimental evaluation of the Community Initiative to Reduce Vio-lence (CIRV)’. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(6), 686–691.

Wright, R., Brookman, F. and Bennett, T. (2006). ‘The foreground dynamics of street robbery in Britain’. British Journal of Criminology, 46, 1–15.

Zhu, L., Gorman, D. and Horel, S. (2004). ‘Alcohol outlet density and violence: A geospatial analysis’. Al-cohol, 39, 369–375.

مراجع الفصل 20

Alexander, P.C. (1992). Application of attachment theory to the study of sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 185–195.

Banyard, V.L., Moynihan, M.M., and Plante, E.G. (2007). Sexual violence prevention through bystander education: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 463–481.

Blackwell, L.M., Lynn, S.J., Vanderhoff, H., and Gidycz, C. (2004). Sexual assault revictimisa¬tion: Toward effective risk-reduction programs. In L.J. Koenig, L.S. Doll, A. O’Leary, and W. Pequegnat (eds) From child sexual abuse to adult sexual risk: Trauma, revictimisation and intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Boney-McCoy, S. and Finkelhor, D. (1995). Psychosocial sequelae of violent victimization in a national youth sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 726–736.

Bourke, M.L. and Donohue, B. (1996). Assessment and treatment of juvenile sex offenders: An empirical review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 5, 47–70.

Classen, C.C., Gronskaya Palesh, O., and Aggarwal, R. (2005). Sexual revictimization: A review of the em-pirical literature. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 6, 103–129.

Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. Amer-ican Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.

Colombino, N., Mercado, C.C., Levenson, J.J., and Jeglic, E. (2011). Preventing sexual viol¬ence: Can exam-ination of offense location inform sex crime policy? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34, 160–167.

Cozens, P.M., Saville, G., and Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23, 5, 328–356.

De Prince, A.P., Chu, A.T., Labus, J., Shirk, S.R., and Potter, C. (2015). Testing two approaches to revic-timisation prevention among adolescent girls in the child welfare system. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 33–39.

Eck, J.E. (2003). Police problems: The complexity of problem theory, research and evaluation. In J. Knutsson (ed.) Problem-oriented policing: From innovation to mainstream. Monsey, NY: Crim¬inal Justice Press.

Elliott, A.N. and Carnes, C.N. (2001). Reactions of nonoffending parents to the sexual abuse of their child: A review of the literature. Child Maltreatment, 6, 314–331.

Elliott, I.A., Findlater, D., and Hughers, T. (2010). Practice report: A review of e-Safety remote computer monitoring for UK sex offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 16, 2, 237–248.

Findlater, D. (2015). Child sexual abuse: The possibilities of prevention. In A. Bentovim and J. Gray (eds) Eradi-cating child maltreatment: Evidence based approaches to prevention and intervention across services. London: Jessica Kingsley Pub-lishers.

Finkelhor, D. (2009). The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. Future of Children, 19, 169–194. Finkelhor, D. and Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (2001). Victimization of children. In R. Bull (ed.)

Children and the law: The essential readings. Oxford: Blackwell.

Forehand, R., Armistead, L., Long, N., Wyckoff, S.C., Kotchick, B.A., Whitaker, D., Shaffer, A., Greenberg, A.E., Murry, V., Jackson, L.D., Kelly, A., McNair, L., Dittus, P.J., Lind, C.Y., and Miller, K.S. (2007). Effi-cacy of a parent-based sexual-risk prevention program for African American preadolescents: A random-ized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 1123–1129.

Foshee, V.A., Bauman, K.E., Ennett, S.E., Suchindran, C., Benefield, T., and Linder, G.F. (2005). Assessing the effects of the dating violence prevention program ‘safe dates’ using random coefficient regression modelling. Prevention Science, 6, 245–258.

Gallagher, B., Bradford, M., and Pease, K. (2008). Attempted and completed incidents of stranger-perpetrated child sexual abuse and abduction. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 517–528.

Hanson, R.K. and Bussire, M.T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 348–362.

Hanson, R.K. and Morton-Bourgon, K.E. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offend¬ers: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1154. Hanson, R.K. and Thornton, D. (1999). Static 99: Improving actuarial risk assessments for sex offend-

ers (Vol. 2). Ottawa, Canada: Solicitor General Canada.

Hebert, M., Parent, N., Daignault, I.V., and Tourigny, M. (2006). A typological analysis of behavioral pro-files of sexually abused children. Child Maltreatment, 11, 203–216.

Holzer, P.J., Higgins, J.R., Bromfield, L.M., Richardson, N., and Higgins, D.J. (2006). The effectiveness of parent education and home visiting child maltreatment prevention programs. Child Abuse Prevention Issues No. 24. Australian Institute of Family Studies.

Kaufman, K.L., Hilliker, D.R., and Daleiden, E.L. (1996). Subgroup differences in the modus operandi of ad-olescent sexual offenders. Child Maltreatment, 1, 17–24.

Koss, M.P. and Dinero, T.E. (1989). Discriminant analysis of risk factors for sexual victimization among a na-tional sample of college women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 242–250.

Koss, M.P., Dinero, T.E., Siebel, C.A., and Cox, S.L. (1988). Stranger and acquaintance rape: Are there dif-ferences in the victim’s experience? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 12, 1–24.

Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B., and Lozano, R. (2002). World report on viol¬ence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Leach, C., Stewart, A., and Smallbone, S. (2015). Testing the sexually abused-sexual abuser hypo¬thesis: A prospective longitudinal birth cohort study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 144–153.

McKillop, N., Brown, S., Smallbone, S., and Pritchard, K. (2015). Similarities and differences in adolescence-onset versus adulthood-onset sexual abuse incidents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 46, 37–46.

Marshall, W.L. and Barbaree, H.E. (1990). An integrated theory of the etiology of sexual offend¬ing. In W.L. Marshall, D.R. Laws, and H.E. Barbaree (eds) Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender. New York: Plenum.

Miethe, T.D., Olson, J., and Mitchell, O. (2006). Specialization and persistence in the arrest his¬tories of sex offenders: A comparative analysis of alternative measures and offense types. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43, 204–229.

Miller, E., Tancredi, D.J., McCauley, H.L., Decker, M.R., Virata, M.C., Anderson, H.A., Stetkevich, N., Brown E.W., Moideen, F., and Silverman, J.G. (2012). Coaching boys into men: A cluster-randomized controlled trial of a dating violence prevention program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 431–438.

NatCen Social Research. (2014). A public health approach to tackling child sexual abuse: Research on Stop It Now! UK and Ireland and Stop It Now! Netherlands. www.stopitnow-evaluation.co.uk (retrieved 28 May 2016).

Nisbet, I.A., Wilson, P.H., and Smallbone, S. (2004). A prospective longitudinal study of sexual recidivism among adolescent sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 3, 223–234.

Rayment-McHugh, S., Adams, D., Wortley, R., and Tilley, N. (2015). Think global, act local: A place based approach to sexual abuse prevention. Crime Science, 4, 22, DOI: 10.1186/ s40163-015-0035-4

Rayment-McHugh, S., Smallbone, S., and Tilley, N. (2015). Endemic sexual violence and abuse: Contexts and dispositions. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 4, 111–124.

Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., and Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22–53.

Schaefer, L., Cullen, F., and Eck, J. (2015). Environmental corrections: A new paradigm for supervising offenders in the community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Schmucker, M. and Lšsel, F. (2015). The effects of sexual offender treatment on recidivism: An internation-al meta-analysis of sound quality evaluations. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11, 597–630.

Seto, M.C. and Lalumiere, M.L. (2010). What is so special about male adolescent sexual offending? A review and test of explanations through meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 526–575.

Shattuck, A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., and Hamby, S. (2016). Children exposed to abuse in youth-serving organizations: Results from national sample surveys. JAMA Pediatrics, 170, 1–4.

Siegel, J.A. and Williams, L.M. (2003). The relationship between child sexual abuse and female delinquency and crime: A prospective study. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 71–94.

Smallbone, S. (2016). Situational prevention approaches. In C. Calkins and E. Jeglic (eds) Sexual violence: Evidence based policy and prevention. New York: Springer.

Smallbone, S. and Cale, J. (2015). An integrated life course developmental theory of sexual offending. In A. Blockland and P. Lussier (eds) Sex offenders: A criminal careers approach. New York: Wiley.

Smallbone, S. and McKillop, N. (2015). Evidence-informed approaches to preventing sexual violence and abuse. In P.D. Donnelly and C.L. Ward (eds) Oxford textbook in violence preven¬tion: Epidemiology, evi-dence, and policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Smallbone, S. and Wortley, R. (2000). Child sexual abuse in Queensland: Offender characteristics and modus operandi. Brisbane: Queensland Crime Commission.

Smallbone, S., Marshall, W.L., and Wortley, R. (2008). Preventing child sexual abuse: Evidence, policy and prac-tice. Cullompton: Willan.

Smallbone, S., Rayment-McHugh, S., and Smith, D. (2013). Preventing youth sexual violence and abuse in West Cairns and Aurukun: Establishing the scope, dimensions and dynamics of the problem. Griffith University, Brisbane. www.datsip.qld.gov.au/resources/datsima/ programs/ysv-report.pdf (retrieved 23 November 2016).

Tabachnick, J. and Klein, A. (2011). A reasoned approach: Reshaping sex offender policy to prevent child sexual abuse. Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Beaverton, OR.

Taylor, J.E. and Harvey, S.T. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with adults sexually abused in childhood. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 749–767.

Tilley, N., Rayment-McHugh, S., Wardel, M., Smallbone, S., Smith, D., Allard, T., Wortley, R., Findlater, D., Stewart, A., and Homel, R. (2014). On being realistic about reducing the prevalence and impacts of youth sexual violence and abuse in two Australian Indigenous com¬munities. Learning Communities: In-ternational Journal of Learning in Social Contexts, 14, 6–27.

Trask, E.V., Walsh, K., and DiLilo, D. (2011). Treatment effects for common outcomes of child sexual abuse: A current meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 16, 6–19.

Turner, H.A., Shattuck, A., Finkelhor, D., and Hamby, S. (2015). Effects of poly-victimization on adolescent social support, self-concept, and psychological distress. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30, 1–26.

Ullman, S. and Siegel, J. (1993). Victim–offender relationship and sexual assault. Violence and Victims, 8, 121–134.

Van Dijk, J.J.M. and De Waard, J. (1991). A two-dimensional typology of crime prevention projects: With a bibliography. Criminal Justice Abstracts, 23, 483–503.

Wortley, R. and Smallbone, S. (2006). Applying situational principles to sexual offenses against children. In R. Wortley and S. Smallbone (eds) Situational prevention of child sexual abuse. Crime Prevention Stud-ies Vol. 9. Monsey, NJ: Criminal Justice Press.

Wortley, R. and Smallbone, S. (2012). Internet child pornography: Causes, investigation and preven¬tion. New York: Praeger.

Wortley, R. and Smallbone, S. (2013). A criminal careers typology of child sexual abusers. Sexual Abuse: A Jour-nal of Research and Treatment, 26, 569–585.

مراجع الفصل 21

Acquisti, A. (2009) ‘Nudging Privacy: The Behavioral Economics of Personal Information’,

Security and Privacy, IEEE, 7/6: 82–85.

Anderson, R., Barton, C., Bšhme, R., Clayton, R., Van Eeten, M.J., Levi, M., Moore, T. and Savage, S. (2013) ‘Measuring the Cost of Cybercrime’, in R. Bšhme (ed.), The Economics of Information Security and Privacy. Heidelberg: Springer. See also: http://weis2012.econinfosec. org/papers/Anderson_WEIS2012.pdf.

Anderson, R., Bšhme, R., Clayton, R. and Moore, T. (2008) ‘Security Economics and the Internal Market’, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Ashenden, D. and Sasse, A. (2013) ‘CISOs and Organisational Culture: Their Own Worst Enemy?’ Computers and Security, 13: 396–405.

Bossler, A.M. and Holt, T.J. (2009) ‘Online Activities, Guardianship, and Malware Infection’,

International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 3/1: 400–420.

Bossler, A.M., Holt, T.J. and May, D.C. (2012) ‘Predicting Online Harassment Victimisation among a Juvenile Population’, Youth and Society, 44/4: 500–523.

Boyle, J. (1997) ‘Foucault in Cyberspace: Surveillance, Sovereignty and Hard-Wired Censors’,

University of Cincinnati Law Review, 177.

Burnap, P. and Williams, M.L. (2015) ‘Cyber Hate Speech on Twitter: An Application of Machine Classification and Statistical Modeling for Policy and Decision Making’, Policy and Internet, 7/2: 223–242.

Burnap, P., Williams, M.L. and Sloan, L. (2014) ‘Tweeting the Terror: Modelling the Social Media Reaction to the Woolwich Terrorist Attack’, Social Network Analysis and Mining, 4: 206. Cabinet Office (2014) ‘CommuniquŽ from the Strengthening the Cyber Security of our Essen-

tial Services Event’, Cabinet Office, London.

Casper, C. (2007) ‘Examining the Feasibility of a Data Collection Framework’, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Choi, K. (2008) ‘An Empirical Assessment of an Integrated Theory of Computer Crime Victimi-sation’, International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 2/1: 308–333.

Clarke, R.V.G. (1983) ‘Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Scope’, in M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 4. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) ‘Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach’, American Sociological Review, 44: 588–608.

Collins, A., Kerr, J., Harvey, A., Green, S. and Nicholls, C. (2014) ‘Developing Questions on Fraud and Cybercrime for the CSEW’, NatCen Social Research, London.

Coventry, L., Briggs, P., Blythe, J. and Tran, M. (2014) ‘Using Behavioural Insights to Improve the Public’s Use of Cyber Security Best Practices’, Office for Government Science, London. Available at: www.gov.uk/go-science.

Crawford, A. (1997) The Local Governance of Crime: Appeals to Community and Partnerships. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Crawford, A. (2002) ‘The Governance of Crime and Insecurity in an Anxious Age: The Trans-European and the Local’, in A. Crawford (ed.), Crime and Insecurity. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

DŽcary-HŽtu, D. and Giommoni, L. (2016) ‘Do Police Crackdowns Disrupt Drug Cryptomar-kets? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Effects of Operation Onymous’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–21, online first.

Dupont, B. (2004) ‘Security in the Age of Networks’, Policing and Society, 14/1: 76–91.

Dupont, B. (2016) ‘Bots, Cops, and Corporations: On the Limits of Enforcement and the Promise of Polycentric Regulation as a Way to Control Large-Scale Cybercrime’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–21, online first.

Eck, J.E. and Clarke, R.V. (2003) ‘Classifying Common Police Problems: A Routine Activity Approach’, in D. Cornish and M.J. Smith (eds), Theory for Practice in Situational Crime Prevention. Cullompton: Willan.

Ekblom, P. and Tilley, N. (2000) ‘Going Equipped’, British Journal of Criminology, 40/3: 376–398.

Empirica (2007) ‘Benchmarking in a Policy Perspective: Security and Confidence’, Empirica. ENISA (2012a) ‘National Cyber Security Strategies: Setting the Course for National Efforts to

Strengthen Security in Cyberspace’, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

ENISA (2012b) ‘National Cyber Security Strategies: Practical Guide on Development and Execution’, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Europol (2015) ‘Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA)’, The Hague.

Farrell, G., Tilley, N., Tseloni, A. and Mailley, J. (2011) ‘The Crime Drop and the Security Hypothesis’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48/2, 147–175.

Felson, M. (1998) Crime and Everyday Life, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine. Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gilling, D. (2007) Crime Reduction and Community Safety: Labour and the Politics of Local Crime Control. Cullompton: Willan.

Gupta, M. and Sharman, R. (2011) Social and Human Elements of Information Security: Emerging Trends and Countermeasures. Hershey, PH: Information Science Reference.

Holt, T.J. and Bossler, A.M. (2008) ‘Examining the Applicability of Lifestyle-Routine Activities Theory for Cybercrime Victimisation’, Deviant Behavior, 30/1: 1–25.

Home Office (2010) ‘Policing in the 21st Century: Reconnecting Police and the People’, Cm 7925, Home Office, London.

Home Office (2013) ‘New Campaign Urges People to be “Cyber Streetwise” ’, Home Office, London.

Hosein, G., Tsavios, P. and Whitley, E. (2003) ‘Regulating Architecture and Architectures of Regulation: Contributions from Information Systems’, International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 17: 1.

Huey, L., Nhan, J. and Broll, R. (2012) ‘“Uppity civilians” and “cyber-vigilantes”: The Role of the General Public in Policing Cyber-Crime’, Criminology and Criminal Justice (advance online access).

Hughes, G. (2007) The Politics of Crime and Community. London: Palgrave.

i2010 High Level Group (2006) ‘Benchmarking Framework’, European Commission.

Irion, K. (2012) ‘The Governance of Network and Information Security in the European Union: The European Public–Private Partnership for Resilience (EP3R)’, 27th European Communication Policy Research Conference: Policies for the Future Internet, 25–27 March, Ghent, Belgium.

Johnston, L. and Shearing, C. (2003) The Governance of Security. London: Routledge.

Lab, S. (2004) Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

Lessig, L. (1999) Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.

Levi, M. (2016). Assessing the trends, scale and nature of economic cybercrimes: overview and Issues. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–18. doi:10.1007/s10611-016-9645-3.

Levi, M. and Williams, M.L. (2012) ‘eCrime Reduction Partnership Mapping Study: Final Report. Project Report’, [Online] Cardiff University. Available at: www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/ resources/Levi%20Williams%20eCrime%20Reduction%20Partnership%20Mapping%20Study. pdf.

Levi, M. and Williams, M.L. (2013) ‘Multi-Agency Partnerships in Cybercrime Reduction: Mapping the Network and Cooperation Space’, Information Management and Computer Security, 21/5: 420–443.

Levi, M., Doig, A., Gundur, R., Wall, D. and Williams, M.L. (2015) The Implications of Economic Cybercrime for Policing. London: City of London Corporation.

McGuire, M. and Dowling, S. (2013) ‘Cyber Crime: A Review of the Evidence. Summary of Key Findings and Implications’, Home Office Research Report 75, Home Office, London.

Mann, D. and Sutton, M. (1998) ‘˜NetCrime: More Change in the Organization of Thieving’,

British Journal of Criminology, 38/2: 201–229.

Newman, G.R. and Clarke, R.V. (2003) Superhighway Robbery: Preventing E-Commerce Crime. Cullompton: Willan.

Nhan, J. and Huey, L. (2008) ‘Policing through Nodes, Clusters and Bandwidth: The Role of Network Relations in the Prevention of and Response to Cyber-Crimes’, in S. Leman-Langlois (ed.), Technocrime: Technology, Crime and Social Control. Portland, OR: Willan.

ONS (2010) ‘Internet Access: Households and Individuals, 2010’, Office for National Statistics. Retrieved September 2013.

ONS (2012) ‘Crime in England and Wales: Quarterly First Release, March 2012’, Office for National Statistics.

ONS (2015) ‘Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending September 2014’, Office for National Statistics.

Pratt, T.C., Holtfreter, K. and Reisig, M.D. (2010) ‘Routine Online Activity and Internet Fraud Targeting: Extending the Generality of Routine Activity Theory’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47/3: 267–296.

PwC (2013) ‘Information Security Breaches Survey: Technical Report’, Department for Business Innovation and Skills, London.

Reyns, B.W. (2013) ‘Online Routines and Identity Theft Victimization Further Expanding Routine Activity Theory beyond Direct-Contact Offenses’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50/2: 216–238.

Sulek, D. and Doscher, M. (2011) ‘Beyond Public–Private Partnerships’, in K. Andreasson (ed.)

Cybersecurity: Public Sector Threats and Responses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Sutherland, E.H. (1947) Principles of Criminology, 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott. Tcherni, M., Davies, A., Lopes, G. and Lizotte, A. (2015) ‘The Dark Figure of Online Property

Crime: Is Cyberspace Hiding a Crime Wave?’ Justice Quarterly, 1–22.

UN General Assembly (2013) Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, A/68/98, 24 June.

UNODC (2010) Handbook on the Crime Prevention Guidelines: Making Them Work. New York: United Nations.

Van Dijk, J.J.M., Tseloni, A. and Farrell, G. (2012) The International Crime Drop: New Directions in Research. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

van Wilsem, J. (2011) ‘Worlds Tied Together? Online and Non-Domestic Routine Activities and their Impact on Digital and Traditional Threat Victimisation’, European Journal of Criminology, 8/2: 115–127.

van Wilsem, J. (2013) ‘ “Bought It, but Never got It”: Assessing Risk Factors for Online Consumer Fraud Victimisation’, European Sociological Review, 29/2: 168–178.

Wall, D. (2007) ‘Policing Cybercrimes: Situating the Public Police in Networks of Security within Cyberspace’, Police Practice and Research, 8/2: 183–205.

Wall, D.S. and Williams, M. (2007) ‘Policing Diversity in the Digital Age: Maintaining Order in Virtual Communities’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 7/4: 391–415.

Williams, M.L. (2000) ‘Virtually Criminal: Discourse, Deviance and Anxiety within Virtual Communities’, International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 14/1: 95–104.

Williams, M.L. (2004) ‘Understanding King Punisher and his Order: Vandalism in a Virtual Reality Community – Motives, Meanings and Possible Solutions’, Internet Journal of Criminology. Williams, M.L. (2006) Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online. London:

Routledge.

Williams, M.L. (2007) ‘Policing and Cybersociety: The Maturation of Regulation within an Online Community’, Policing and Society, 17/1: 59–82.

Williams, M.L. (2015) ‘Guardians upon High: An Application of Routine Activities Theory to Online Identity Theft in Europe at the Country and Individual Level’, British Journal of Criminology, 56/1: 21–48.

Williams, M.L. (2016) ‘The Emotional Costs of Cybercrime: Fear and Avoidance Behaviour’, Home Office, London.

Williams, M.L. and Burnap, P. (2015) ‘Cyberhate on Social Media in the Aftermath of Woolwich: A Case Study in Computational Criminology and Big Data’, British Journal of Criminology, Online Advance Access.

Williams, M.L. and Hudson, K.J. (2013) ‘Public Perceptions of Internet, Familial and Localised Sexual Grooming: Predicting Perceived Prevalence and Safety’, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 19/2: 218–235.

Williams, M.L. and Levi, M. (2015) ‘Perceptions of the eCrime Controllers: Modelling the Influence of Cooperation and Data Source Factors’, Security Journal, 28/3: 252–271.

Willison, R. and Siponen, M. (2009) ‘Overcoming the Insider: Reducing Employee Computer Crime through Situational Crime Prevention’, Communications of the ACM, 52/9: 133–137.

Yar, M. (2005) ‘The Novelty of “Cybercrime”: An Assessment in Light of Routine Activity Theory’, European Journal of Criminology, 2/4: 407–427.

مراجع الفصل 22

Allatt, P. (1984) ‘Fear of crime: the effect of improved residential security on a difficult to let estate’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 23: 170–82.

Bahn, C. (1974) ‘The reassurance factor in police patrol’, Criminology, 12: 338–45.

Balkin, S. and Houlden, P. (1983) ‘Reducing fear of crime through occupational presence’,

Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 10: 13–33.

Bennett, T. (1991) ‘The effectiveness of a police-initiated fear reducing strategy’, British Journal of Criminology, 31: 1–14.

Bennett, T. (1994) ‘Confidence in the police as a mediating factor in the fear of crime’, International Review of Victimology, 3: 179–94.

Block, R. (1971) ‘Fear of crime and fear of the police’, Social Problems, 19: 91–100.

Bottoms, A. (2012) ‘Developing socio-spatial criminology’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (5th edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brantingham, P., Brantingham, P. and Butcher, D. (1986) ‘Perceived and actual crime risks’, in

R. Figlio, S. Hakim and R. Renegert (eds) Metropolitan Crime Patterns. New York: Criminal Justice Press.

Brooks, J. (1974) ‘The fear of crime in the United States’, Crime and Delinquency, July: 241–4.

Carr, P., Napolitano, L. and Keating, J. (2007) ‘We never call the cops and here is why: a qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighbourhoods’, Criminology, 45/2: 445–80.

Cohen, S. (1966/2002) Folk Devils and Moral Panics (3rd edn). London: Routledge. Crawford, A. (1998) Crime Prevention and Community Safety. London: Longman.

Ditton, J., Chadee, D. and Khan, F. (2003) ‘The stability of global and specific measures of the fear of crime: results from a two wave Trinidadian longitudinal study’, International Review of Victimology, 9: 49–70.

Douglas, M. and Wildavsky, A. (1992) Risk and Culture: Essays on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Eco, U. (1976) A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Ekblom, P., Law, H. and Sutton, M. (1996) ‘Safer cities and domestic burglary’ (HORS 162), Home Office, London.

Farrall, S., Jackson, J. and Gray, E. (2009) Social Order and the Fear of Crime in Contemporary Times. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ferraro, K. (1995) Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimisation Risk. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Ferraro, K. and LaGrange, R. (1987) ‘The measurement of fear of crime’, Sociological Inquiry, 57:

–101.

Garofalo, J. (1981) ‘The fear of crime: causes and consequences’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72: 839–57.

Garofalo, J. and Laub, J. (1978) ‘The fear of crime: broadening our perspective’, Victimology, 3: 242–53.

Gibbs, J. and Hanrahan, K. (1993) ‘Safety demand and supply: an alternative to fear of crime’,

Justice Quarterly, 10: 369–94.

Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday, Anchor. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates.

New York: Doubleday, Anchor.

Goffman, E. (1972) ‘Normal appearances’, in E. Goffman, Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York: Harper Colophon.

Goldstein, H. (1987) ‘Toward community-oriented policing: potential, basic requirements, and threshold questions’, Crime and Delinquency, 33: 6–30.

Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hunter, A. and Baumer, T. (1982) ‘Street traffic, social integration, and fear of crime’, Sociological Inquiry, 52: 122–31.

Innes, M. (2004) ‘Signal crimes and signal disorders: notes on deviance as communicative action’,

British Journal of Sociology, 55: 335–55.

Innes, M. (2014) Signal Crimes: Social Reactions to Crime, Disorder and Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Innes, M., Hayden, S., Lowe, T., Mackenzie, H., Roberts, C. and Twyman, L. (2004) Signal Crimes and Reassurance Policing, Vols 1 and 2. Surrey Police, Guildford.

Jasanoff, S. (2000) ‘The science wars and American politics’, in M. Dierkes and C. von Grote (eds) Between Understanding and Trust: The Public, Science and Technology. Amsterdam: Harwood. Krahn, H. and Kennedy, L.W. (1985) ‘Producing personal safety: the effects of crime rates,

police force size, and fear of crime’, Criminology, 23: 697–710.

Kury, H. (1994) ‘The influence of the specific formulation of questions on the results of victim studies’, European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 2: 48–68.

Kury, H. and Wurger, M. (1993) ‘The influence of the type of data collection method on the results of the victim surveys: a German research project’, in A. del Frate, U. Zvekic and J. van Dijk (eds) Understanding Crime: Experiences of Crime and Crime Control. Rome: UNICRI.

Lee, M. (2007) Inventing Fear of Crime: Criminology and the Politics of Anxiety. Cullompton: Willan.

Norton, L. and Courlander, M. (1982) ‘Fear of crime among the elderly: the role of crime prevention programs’, Gerontologist, 22: 388–93.

Povey, K. (2001) ‘Open all hours’. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary, London:. Sampson, R. (2012) Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighbourhood Effect. Chicago,

IL: University of Chicago Press.

Silver, A. (1967) ‘The demand for order in civil society: a review of some themes in the history of urban crime, police and riot’, in D. Bordua (ed.) The Police: Six Sociological Essays. New York: Wiley.

Silver, A. (1970) ‘Social and ideological bases of British elite reactions to domestic crisis, 1829–1832’, Politics and Society, 1: 179–201.

Skogan, W. (1996) ‘Evaluating problem-solving policing: the Chicago experience’ (available at www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/policing_papers/caps17, accessed 26 July 2004).

Skogan, W. and Hartnett, K. (1997) Community Policing, Chicago Style. New York: Oxford University Press.

Skogan, W. and Steiner, L. (2004) ‘CAPS at 10’. Northwestern University, Institute for Policy Research, Evanston, IL.

Slovic, P. (1992) ‘Perceptions of risk: reflections on the psychometric paradigm’, in S. Krimsky and D. Goulding (eds) Social Theories of Risk. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Slovic, P. (2000) The Perception of Risk. New York: Earthscan.

Solymosi, R., Bowers, K. and Fujiyami, T. (2015) ‘Mapping fear of crime as a context dependent everyday experience that varies in space and time’, Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20/2: 193–211.

Stanko, E. (1995) ‘Women, crime and fear’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539/1: 46–58.

Storch, R. (1975) ‘The plague of blue locusts: police reform and popular resistance in northern England, 1840–1857’, International Review of Social History, 20: 61–90.

Storch, R. (1976) ‘The policeman as domestic missionary: urban discipline and popular culture in northern England, 1850–1880’, Journal of Social History, 9: 481–509.

Sturgis, P. and Allum, N. (2004) ‘Science in society: re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes’, Public Understanding of Science, 13/4: 55–74.

Sutton, R. and Farrall, S. (2005) ‘Gender, social desirable responding and the fear of crime: are women really more anxious about crime?’ British Journal of Criminology, 45/2: 212–24.

Warr, M. (1980) ‘The accuracy of public beliefs about crime’, Social Forces, 59: 456–70.

Warr, M. (1982) ‘The accuracy of public beliefs about crime: further evidence’, Criminology, 20: 185–204.

Warr, M. (1987) ‘Fear of victimisation and sensitivity to risk’, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3: 29–46.

Weisburd, D. and Eck, J. (2004) ‘What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear?’ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593: 42–65.

Wilkins, L. (1964) Social Deviance: Social Policy, Action and Research. London: Tavistock Publications.

Wilson, J.Q. and Kelling, G. (1982) ‘Broken windows’, Atlantic Monthly, March: 29–38.

Winkel, F. (1986) ‘Reducing fear of crime through police visibility: a field experiment’, Criminal Justice Policy Review, 1: 381–98.

Winkel, F. (1987) ‘Response generalisation in crime prevention campaigns’, British Journal of Criminology, 27: 155–73.

Winkel, F. (1988) ‘The police and reducing fear of crime: a comparison of the crime centred and the quality of life approaches’, Police Studies, 11: 183–9.

Yearley, S. (2005) Making Sense of Science. London: Sage.

Zhao, J., Scheider, M. and Thurman, Q. (2002) ‘The effect of police presence on public fear reduction: a review of the literature’, Justice Professional, 15/3: 273–99.

مراجع الفصل 23

Addis, N. (2012) Exploring the impact and effectiveness of the ‘Project Optimal’ burglary reduc¬tion initia-tive in Leeds: A spatio-temporal approach. Paper presented at the International Crime and Intelligence Analysis Conference, Manchester Central Convention Centre, Manchester, UK, 13–14 December 2012, www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/proceedingsonline/ GISRUK2013/gisruk2013_submission_35.pdf.

Anderson, D., Chenery, S. and Pease, K. (1995) Biting back: Tackling repeat burglary and car crime. Crime Detection and Prevention Paper 58, Home Office, London.

Bowers, K.J. and Johnson, S.D. (2005) Domestic burglary repeats and space-time clusters: The dimensions of risk. European Journal of Criminology, 2(1), 67–92.

Bowers, K.J., Johnson, S.D. and Pease, K. (2004) Prospective hot-spotting: The future of crime mapping? British Journal of Criminology, 44(5), 641–658.

Braithwaite, A. and Johnson, S.D. (2012) Space–time modelling of insurgency and counterinsur-gency in Iraq. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28, 31–48.

Chainey, S. and Tompson, L. (2012) Engagement, empowerment and transparency: Publishing crime sta-tistics using online crime mapping. Policing, 6(3), 228–239.

Chenery, S., Holt, J. and Pease, K. (1997) Biting back II: Reducing repeat victimization in Hud¬dersfield. Crime Detection and Prevention Series No. 82, Home Office, London.

Farrell, G. and Pease, K. (1993) Once bitten, twice bitten: Repeat victimisation and its implica¬tions for crime prevention. Home Office, London.

Farrington, D.P., Loeber, R. and Ttofi, M.M. (2012) Risk and protective factors for offending. In B.C. Welsh and D.P. Farrington (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 46–69.

Fielding, M. and Jones, V. (2011) ‘Disrupting the optimal forager’: Predictive risk mapping and domestic burglary reduction in Trafford, Greater Manchester. International Journal of Police Science and Man-agement, 14(1), 30–41.

Guerette, R.T. and Bowers, K.J. (2009) Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: A review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology, 47(4), 1331–1368.

Hirschfield, A. (2005) Analysis for intervention. In N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Com-munity Safety. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 629–673.

Hirschfield, A. and Newton, A. (2008) The crime–crime prevention relationship: A Manchester case study. Built Environment, 34(1), 104–120.

Hirschfield, A., Newton, A.D. and Rogerson, M. (2010) Linking burglary and target hardening at the prop-erty level: New insights into victimization and burglary protection. Criminal Justice Policy Review, Spe-cial Issue on Situational Crime Prevention. First published on 24 May 2010 as doi:10.1177/0887403409356965.

Johnson, S.D. and Bowers, K.J. (2004) The burglary as clue to the future: The beginnings of prospective hot-spotting. European Journal of Criminology, 1(2), 237–255.

Johnson, S.D., Bowers, K.J. and Hirschfield, A.F.G. (1997) New insights into the spatial and temporal dis-tribution of repeat victimisation. British Journal of Criminology, 37(2), 224–241.

Johnson, S.D., Tilley, N. and Bowers, K.J. (2015) Introducing EMMIE: An evidence rating scale to encour-age mixed-method crime prevention synthesis reviews. Journal of Experimental Crimi¬nology, 11(3), 459–473.

Jones, A. and Hirschfield, A. (2015) Child-sensitive justice for children of imprisoned parents. In

S. Mahmoudi, P. Leviner, A. Kaldal and K. Lainpelto (eds) Child-Friendly Justice: A Quarter of a Centu-ry of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Stockholm Studies in Child Law and Children’s Rights. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Malleson, N. and Andersen, M.A. (2015) Spatio-temporal crime hotspots and the ambient popu¬lation. Crime Science, 4:10. doi: 10.1186/s40163-015-0023-8.

Marchione, E. and Johnson, S.D. (2013) Spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal patterns of mari¬time piracy. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(4), 504–534.

Mohler, G.O., Short, M.B., Malinowski, S., Johnson, M., Tita, G.E., Bertozzi, A.L. and Brant¬ingham, P.J. (2015) Randomized controlled field trials of predictive policing. Journal of the American Statistical Associ-ation, 110(512), 1399–1411.

Newton, A.D., Rogerson, M. and Hirschfield, A. (2008) Relating target hardening to burglary risk: Experi-ences from Liverpool. Papers from the British Criminology Conference: An Online Journal Published by the British Society of Criminology, 8, 153–174.

Polvi, N., Looman, T., Humphries, C. and Pease, K. (1991) The time course of repeat burglary victimisa-tion. British Journal of Criminology, 31, 411–414.

Singleton, A. and Brunsdon, C. (2014) Escaping the pushpin paradigm in geographic informa¬tion science: (Re)presenting national crime data. Area, 46(3), 294–304.

Stottelaar, B., Senden, J. and Montoya, L. (2014) Online social sports networks as crime facilita¬tors. Crime Science, 3(8), 1–14.

Tompson, L., Johnson, S., Ashby, M., Perkins, C. and Edwards, P. (2015) UK open source crime data: Accu-racy and possibilities for research. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 42(2), 97–111.

United Kingdom Statistics Authority (2014) Assessment of compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. Statistics on Crime in England and Wales. Assessment Report 268, January, www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/images-assessmentrepo rt268statisticsoncrimeinenglandandwale_tcm97-43508-1.pdf.

Van Mil, A. and Hopkins, H. (2015) Big data: Public views on the use of private sector data for social re-search. A findings report for the Economic and Social Research Council. Creating Connections Lts, Oc-tober, www.esrc.ac.uk/files/public-engagement/public-dialogues/public-dialogues-on-the-re-use-of-private-sector-data-for-social-research-report/.

مراجع الفصل 24

Bowers, K. J., S. D. Johnson, N. Tilley, L. A. Tompson and J. Belur (2014a) Protocol for Work Package 1: Iden-tifying Existing Systematic Reviews of Crime Reduction. UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, London, UK. Available at http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/ eprint/1462098.

Bowers, K. J., L. Tompson and S. Johnson (2014b) Implementing Information Science in Polic¬ing: Mapping the Evidence Base. Policing, 8 (4) pp. 339–352.

Brantingham, P. L. and P. J. Brantingham (1993) Environment, Routine and Situation: Toward a Pattern Theory of Crime. In R. V. Clarke and M. Felson (eds) Routine Activity and Rational Choice: Advances in Criminological Theory Volume 5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.

Bullock, K. and N. Tilley (eds) (2003) Crime Reduction and Problem-oriented Policing. Crime Science Series Volume 2. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Chainey, S. P. and J. H. Ratcliffe (2005) GIS and Crime Mapping. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Clarke, R. V. (1999) Hot Products: Understanding, Anticipating and Reducing Demand for

Stolen Goods. Police Research Series Paper 112, Research Development and Statistics Direct¬orate, Home Of-fice, London.

Clarke, R. V. and J. Eck (2003) Become a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst, Jill Dando Institute of Crime Sci-ence, UCL. Available from Willan Publishing, Cullompton.

Cohen, L. E. and M. Felson (1979) Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. Amer-ican Sociological Review, 44 (August) pp. 588–608.

Cornish, D. and R. V. Clarke (1986) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Eck, J. (2003) Police Problems: The Complexity of Problem Theory, Research and Evaluation. In J. Knutsson (ed.) Problem Oriented Policing: From Innovation to Mainstream. Crime Prevention Studies, Volume 15. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Eck, J. E. and W. Spelman (1987) Problem Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News.

Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Ekblom, P. (1986) The Prevention of Shop Theft: An Approach through Crime Analysis. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 5, Home Office, London.

Farrell, G., N. Tilley and A. Tseloni (2014) Why the Crime Drop? In M. Tonry (ed.) Why Crime Rates Fall and Why They Don’t. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Volume 43. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Felson, M. (1995) Those Who Discourage Crime. In J. E. Eck and D. Weisburd (eds) Crime and Place. Crime Prevention Studies, Volume 4. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Felson, M. (2002) Crime and Everyday Life, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Felson, M. and R. Clarke (1999) Opportunity Makes the Thief: Practical Theory for Crime Pre¬vention. Police Research Series Paper No. 98, Home Office, London.

Foresight Programme (2000) Turning the Corner. Department of Trade and Industry, London. Gabor, T. (1994) Everybody Does It: Crime by the Public. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press.

Goldstein, H. (1997) The Pattern of Emerging Tactics for Shifting Ownership of Prevention Strategies in the Current Wave of Change in Policing: Their Implications for Both Environ¬mental Criminology and the Police. Paper presented at the sixth International Seminar of Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, Oslo, Norway. Download from www. popcenter.org.

Harrington, V. and P. Mayhew (2001) Mobile Phone Theft. Home Office Research Study 235, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, London.

Home Office (2014) Reducing Mobile Phone Theft and Improving Security. Available from www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/390901/HO_ Mo-bile_theft_paper_Dec_14_WEB.PDF.

Homel, R., M. Hauritz, R. Wortley, G. McIlwain and R. Carvolth (1997) Preventing Alcohol Related Crime through Community Action: The Surfers Paradise Safety Action Project. In R. Homel (ed.) Policing for Prevention: Reducing Crime, Public Intoxication and Injury. Crime Preven¬tion Studies, Volume 7. New York: Criminal Justice Press.

Johnson, S. D., N. Tilley and K. J. Bowers (2015) Introducing EMMIE: An Evidence Rating Scale to Encourage Mixed-Method Crime Prevention Synthesis Reviews. Journal of Experi¬mental Criminology, 11 (3) pp. 459–473.

Knutsson, J. and K.-E. Søvik (2004) Gypsy Cabs in Tønsberg: A Case for Problem Oriented Policing. Paper presented at the US International Problem Oriented Policing Conference, North Carolina. Available from www.popcenter.org/conference/conferencepapers/2004/ GypsyCabs.pdf.

Laycock, G. (2004) The UK Car Theft Index: An Example of Government Leverage. Crime Pre¬vention Stud-ies, 17 pp. 25–44.

Laycock, G. (2014) Crime Science and Policing: Lessons of Translation. Policing, 8 (4) pp. 393–401.

Laycock, G. K. and N. Tilley (1995a) Policing and Neighbourhood Watch: Strategic Issues. CDPS No. 60, Home Office, London.

Laycock, G. K. and N. Tilley (1995b) Implementing Crime Prevention Programs. In M. Tonry and D. Far-rington (eds) Building a Safer Society. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Volume 19. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Opp, K.-D. (1997) Limited Rationality and Crime. In G. Newman, R. V. Clarke and S. G. Shoham (eds) Rational Choice and Situational Crime Prevention. Dartmouth: Ashgate.

Pawson, R. and N. Tilley (1997) Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage.

Phillips, S. and R. Cochrane (1988) Crime and Nuisance in the Shopping Centre: A Case Study in Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 16, Home Office, London.

Poyner, B. (1983) Design Against Crime: Beyond Defensible Space. London: Butterworths.

Poyner, B. and B. Webb (1992) Reducing Theft from Shopping Bags in City Centre Markets. In R. V. Clarke (ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. New York: Harrow & Heston.

Reynald, D. M. (2010) Guardians on Guardianship: Factors Affecting the Willingness to Monitor, the Ability to Detect Potential Offenders & the Willingness to Intervene. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquen-cy, 47 (3) pp. 358–390.

Room, R. (2004) Disabling the Public Interest: Alcohol Strategies and Policies for England.

Addiction, 99 (9) pp. 1083–1089.

Rosenbaum, D. P., D. A. Lewis and J. A. Grant (1986) Neighborhood-Based Crime Prevention: Assessing the Efficacy of Community Organizing in Chicago. In D. P. Rosenbaum (ed.) Com¬munity Crime Prevention: Does it Work? Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Rossmo, D. K. (2000) Geographic Profiling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Scott, M. (2005) Shifting and Sharing Police Responsibility to Address Public Safety Problems. In N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Sherman, L. W. (1998) Evidence-Based Policing. Police Foundation, Washington, DC. Avail¬able from www.policefoundation.org/pdf/Sherman.pdf

Sidebottom, A. and N. Tilley (2011) Improving Problem-Oriented Policing: The Need for a New Model? Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 13 pp. 79–101.

Strang, H. (2012) Coalitions for a Common Purpose: Managing Relationships in Experiments.

Journal of Experimental Criminology, 8 pp. 211–225.

Smith, J. (2003) The Nature of Personal Robbery. Home Office Research Study 254, Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, London.

Tilley, N. and G. Laycock (2001) Working Out What To Do: Evidence-Based Crime Reduc¬tion. Crime Reduc-tion Series Paper 11, Home Office, London.

Tilley, N., G. Farrell, L. Grove, R. Thompson and A. Tseloni (2015) Do Burglar Alarms Increase Burglary Risk? A Counterintuitive Finding and Possible Explanations. Crime Preven¬tion and Community Safety, 17 (1) pp. 1–19.

Tompson, L. A., K. J. Bowers, S. D. Johnson and J. B. Belur (2015) EMMIE Evidence Appraisal Coding Tool [Data set]. Available from http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1462093/UCL Discovery, Department of Security and Crime Science.

Webb, B., C. Smith, A. Brock and M. Townsley (2005) DNA Fast-Tracking. In M. Smith and

N. Tilley (eds) Crime Science: New Approaches to Preventing and Detecting Crime. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Welsh, B. C. and D. P. Farrington (2009) Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Justice Quarterly, 26 (4) pp. 716–745.

Wiles, P. and A. Costello (2000) The ‘Road to Nowhere’: The Evidence for Travelling Crimi¬nals. Home Office Research Study 207, Home Office, London.

مراجع الفصل 25

Anderson, J. and Homel, P. (2006) Western Australian Office of Crime Prevention Community Safety and Crime Prevention Evaluation Survey one report. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.

Audit Commission (2002) Community safety partnerships. London: Audit Commission.

Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) (2014) Implementing better practice grants administration. Canberra: ANOA.

Berry, G., Briggs, P., Erol, R. and van Staden, L. (2011) The effectiveness of partnership working in a crime and disorder context: A rapid evidence assessment. Home Office Research Report 52, Home Office, Lon-don.

Braga, A. and Winship, C. (2006) Partnership, accountability and innovation: Clarifying Boston’s experience with pulling levers. In D. Weisburd and A. Braga (eds) Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 171–187.

Brown, R. (2006) The role of project management in implementing community safety initi¬atives. In J. Knutsson and R.V. Clarke (eds) Putting theory to work: Implementing situational pre¬vention and prob-lem-oriented policing. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 20. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 37–63.

Brown, R. (2010) Vehicle crime. In F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H. Pierpoint and T. Bennett (eds) Handbook on crime. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 26–47.

Bullock, K., Erol, R. and Tilley, N. (2006) Problem oriented policing and partnerships. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Cahill, M., Coggeshal, M., Hayeslip, D., Wolff, A., Lagerson, E., Scott, M., Davies, E., Roland,

K. and Decker, S. (2008) Community collaboratives addressing youth gangs: Interim findings from the Gang Reduction Programme. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.

Carroll, R. (2004) Preventing vehicle crime in Australia through partnerships and national col¬laboration. In M.G. Maxfield and R.V. Clarke (eds) Understanding and preventing car theft. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 17. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 45–66.

Cherney, A. and Sutton, A. (2007) Crime prevention in Australia: Beyond what works. Austral¬ian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 40(1), pp. 65–81.

Crawford, A. (1998) Delivering multi-agency partnerships in community safety. In A. Marlow and J. Pitts (eds) Planning safer communities. Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing, pp. 213–222.

Crawford, A. and Evans, K. (2012) Crime prevention and community safety. In M. Maguire,

R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford handbook of criminology, 5th edition. Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, pp. 769–805.

Eck, J. (2003) Police problems: The complexity of problem theory, research and evaluation. In

J. Knutsson (ed.) Problem oriented policing: From innovation to mainstream. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 15. New York: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 79–114.

ECOSOC (UN Council for Economic and Social Development) (2002) Guidelines for the pre¬vention of ur-ban crime (Resolution 1995/9, Annex), Guidelines for the prevention of crime (Resolution 2002/13, An-nex). Accessed at www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1995/eres 1995-9.htm.

Edgar, L., Marshall, C. and Bassett, M. (2006) Partnerships: Putting good governance principles in prac¬tice. Ottawa: Institute of Governance.

Ekblom, P. (2011) Crime prevention, security and community safety: Using the 5Is framework. Basing¬stoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Fixsen, D.L., Blase, K.A., Naoom, S.F. and Wallace, F. (2009) Core implementation compon¬ents. Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 16(5), pp. 531–540.

Fox, C. and Albertson, K. (2011) Payment by results and social impact bonds in the criminal justice system: New challenges for the concept of evidence-based policy? Criminology and Criminal Justice, Vol. 11(5), pp. 395–413.

Gilling, D. (2005) Partnership and crime prevention. In N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of crime preven¬tion and community safety. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 734–756.

Goldblatt, P. and Lewis, C. (1998) Reducing offending: An assessment of research evidence on ways of deal-ing with offending behaviour. Home Office Research Study 187, Home Office, London.

Goldstein, H. (1990) Problem oriented policing. New York: McGraw Hill.

Graham, K. and Homel, R. (2008) Raising the bar: Preventing aggression in and around bars, pubs and clubs. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Greenberg, M. (2009) Paper presented to the Prevention Science Network, ARACY ARC/ NHMRC Re-search Network, Melbourne, 28 June.

Hawkins, J.D., Catalano, R.F. and Arthur, M.W. (2002) Promoting science-based prevention in communi-ties. Addictive Behaviours, 27(6), pp. 951–976.

Hearnden, I., Millie, A., Hamilton-Smith, N. and Willis, J. (2004) Action and reaction: Deliver¬ing local bur-glary reduction projects. In N. Hamilton-Smith (ed.) The reducing burglary initi¬ative: Design, develop-ment and delivery. Home Office Research Study 287, Home Office, London.

Hedderman, C. and Williams, C. (2001) Making partnerships work: Emerging findings from the Reducing Burglary Initiative. Briefing note 1/01, Home Office, London.

Home Office (1991) Safer communities: The local delivery of crime prevention through the partnership ap-proach. Home Office, London.

Home Office (1999a) Reducing offending and tackling its causes: A briefing note on the Crime Reduction Programme. Home Office, London.

Home Office (1999b) Tackling vehicle crime: A five year strategy. Home Office, London. Home Of-fice (1999c) The government’s crime reduction strategy. Home Office, London.

Homel, P. (2006) Joining up the pieces: What central agencies need to do to support effective local crime prevention. In J. Knutsson and R.V. Clarke (eds) Putting theory to work: Implement¬ing situational pre-vention and problem-oriented policing. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 20. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 111–138.

Homel, P. (2009) Lessons for Canadian crime prevention from recent international experience.

Institute for the Prevention of Crime (IPC) Review, Vol. 3, pp. 13–40.

Homel, P., Nutley, S., Webb, B. and Tilley, N. (2004) Investing to deliver: reviewing the implementation of the UK Crime Reduction Programme. Home Office Research Study 281, Home Office, London.

Homel, R. and Homel, P. (2012) Implementing crime prevention: Good governance and a science of im-plementation. In B. Welsh and D. Farrington (eds) The Oxford handbook on crime prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 423–445.

Homel, R., Freiberg, K. and Branch, S. (2015) CREATE-ing capacity to take developmental crime preven-tion to scale: A community-based approach within a national framework. Austral¬ian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 48(3), pp. 367–385.

Hope, T. (2004) Pretend it works: Evidence and governance in the evaluation of the Reducing Burglary Ini-tiative. Criminal Justice, Vol. 4(3), pp. 287–308.

Hough, M. (2004) Modernisation, scientific rationalism and the Crime Reduction Programme.

Criminal Justice, Vol. 4(3), pp. 239–253.

Hulme, S. and Homel, P. (2015) Evaluation of the Victorian Community Crime Prevention Program: Final report. Special Report. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.

International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) (2011) Public–private partnerships and commu-nity safety: Guide to action. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, Mon¬treal. Accessed at www.crime-prevention-intl.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Guide-Public-Private_Partnerships-FINAL.pdf.

Kennedy, D.M. (1997) Juvenile gun violence and gun markets in Boston. Washington, DC: National Insti-tute of Justice.

Kennedy, D.M., Braga, A.M. and Piehl, A.M. (2001) Developing and implementing Operation Ceasefire. In Reducing gun violence: The Boston Gun Project’s Operation Ceasefire. NCJ 188741, National Insti-tute of Justice, Washington, DC.

Knutsson, J. (2003) Problem oriented policing: From innovation to mainstream. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 15. New York: Criminal Justice Press.

Knutsson, J. and Clarke, R.V. (2006) Putting theory to work: Implementing situational prevention and prob-lem-oriented policing. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 20. New York: Criminal Justice Press.

Laycock, G. (2005) Deciding what to do. In N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of crime prevention and com¬munity safe-ty. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 674–698.

McGarrell, E.F., Hipple, N.K., Corsaro, N., Bynum, T.S., Perez, H., Zimmerman, C.A. and Garmo, M. (2009) Pro-ject safe neighbourhoods: A national program to reduce gun crime: Final project report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Jus-tice.

Maguire, M. (2004) The Crime Reduction Programme in England and Wales. Criminal Justice, Vol. 4(3), pp. 213–237.

Mazerolle, L. (2014) The power of policing partnerships: Sustaining the gains. Journal of Experi¬mental Crimi-nology, Vol. 10(3), pp. 341–365.

Mazerolle, L. and Ransley, J. (2005) Third party policing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. National Audit Office (2005) Reducing vehicle crime. London: The Stationery Office.

National Motor Vehicle Theft Reduction Council (2015) Shining a light on vehicle crime: Annual report 2015. NMVTRC, Melbourne. (www.carsafe.com.au/images/stories/pdfs/ Annual-Reports/NMVTRC_Annual_Report_2015_FINAL.pdf).

Nutley, S. and Homel, P. (2006) Delivering evidence-based policy and practice: Lessons from the imple-mentation of the UK Crime Reduction Programme. Evidence and Policy, Vol. 2(1), pp. 5–26.

Nutley, S., Powell, A. and Davies, H. (2013) What counts as good evidence? Research Unit for

Research Utilisation, University of St Andrews.

Nutley, S.M., Walter, I. and Davies, H.T.O. (2007) Using evidence: How research can inform public ser-vices. Bristol: Policy Press.

Pawson, R. (2006) Evidence-based policy: A realist perspective. London: Sage. Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. (1997) Realistic evaluation. London: Sage.

Phillips, C., Jacobson, J., Prime, R., Carter, M. and Considine, M. (2002) Crime and disorder reduction partnerships: Round one progress. Police Research Series Paper 151, Home Office, London.

Read, T. and Tilley, N. (2000) Not rocket science: Problem-solving and crime reduction. Crime Reduction Research Series Paper 6, Home Office, London.

Remington, K. (2011) Leading complex projects. Farnham: Gower Publishing Ltd. Rogers, E.M. (1995) Diffusion of innovations, 4th edn. New York: The Free Press.

Rosenbaum, D. (2002) Evaluating multi-agency anti-crime partnerships: Theory, design and measurement issues. In N. Tilley (ed.) Evaluation for crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 14. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 171–225.

Scott, M.S. (2005) Shifting and sharing police responsibility to address public safety problems. In

N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of crime prevention and community safety. Cullompton: Willan Publish¬ing, pp. 385–409.

Scott, M.S. (2006) Implementing crime prevention: Lessons learned from problem-oriented policing pro-jects. In J. Knutsson and R.V. Clarke (eds) Putting theory to work: Implementing situ¬ational prevention and problem-oriented policing. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 20. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 9–35.

Shepherdson, P., Clancey, G., Lee, M. and Crofts, T. (2014) Community safety and crime pre¬vention part-nerships: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, Vol. 3(1), pp. 107–120.

Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.C., MacKenzie, D.L., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S.D. (1998) Prevent-ing crime: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising. NCJ 171676. Washington, DC: National Insti-tute of Justice.

Society for Prevention Research (2008) Type 2 translational research: Overview and definitions. 19 May (www.preventionscience.org/commlmon.php#maps).

Tilley, N. (2004) Applying theory-driven evaluation to the British Crime Reduction Pro¬gramme: The theories of the program and its evaluation. Criminal Justice, Vol. 4(3), pp. 255–276.

Tilley, N. (2005) Crime reduction: A quarter century review. Public Money and Management, Vol. 25(5), pp. 267–274.

Tilley, N. and Laycock, G. (2002) Working out what to do: Evidence based crime reduction. Crime Reduc-tion Research Series Paper 11, Home Office, London.

Tita, G., Riley, K.J., Ridgeway, G., Grammich, C., Abrahamse, A.F. and Greenwood, P.W. (2003) Reducing gun violence: Results from an intervention in East Los Angeles. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (n.d.) Programa Jovem de Expressão (www.unodc.org/lpo-brazil/en/crime/jovemdeexpressao/jovem-de-expressao-principal. html).

Weatherburn, D. (2004) Law and order in Australia: Rhetoric and reality. Sydney: Federation Press. Welsh, B. and Hoshi, A. (2002) Communities and crime prevention. In L. Sherman, D. Far-

rington, B. Welsh and D. Layton Mackenzie (eds) Evidence-based crime prevention. London: Routledge, pp. 165–197.

York, J. (2006) Neighbourhood crime and anti-social behaviour: The Audit Commission report.

Community Safety Journal, Vol. 5(4), pp. 17–23.

مراجع الفصل 26

Bichler, Gisela, Karin Schmerler, and Janet Enriquez. 2013. “Curbing Nuisance Motels: An Evaluation of Police as Place Regulators.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 36(2):437–62.

Campbell, Donald T. and Julian C. Stanley. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chi-cago, IL: Rand-McNally.

Cartwright, Nancy and Jeremy Hardie. 2012. Evidence-Based Policy: A Practical Guide to Doing it Better. New York: Ox-ford University Press.

Clarke, Ronald V., and John E. Eck. 2003. Become a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst: In 55 Small Steps. London: Jill Dan-do Institute of Crime Science.

Clarke, Ronald V., and Herman Goldstein. 2002. “Reducing Theft at Construction Sites: Lessons from a Problem-Oriented Project.” Pp. 89–130 in Analysis for Crime Prevention, edited by Nick Tilley. Monsey, NY: Criminal Jus-tice Press.

Clarke, Ronald V., and Patricia M. Harris. 1992. “Auto Theft and Its Prevention.” Pp. 1–53 in Crime and Justice: A Re-view of Research, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Eck, John E. 1995. “A General Model of the Geography of Illicit Retail Market Places.” Pp. 67–94 in Crime and Place, edited by John E. Eck and David Weisburd. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Eck, John E. 2002a. “Learning From Experience in Problem-Oriented Policing and Situational Prevention: The Posi-tive Functions of Weak Evaluations and the Negative Functions of Strong Ones.” Pp. 93–118 in Evaluation in Crime Prevention, edited by Nick Tilley. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Eck, John E. 2002b. “Preventing Crime at Places.” Pp. 241–294 in Evidence-Based Crime Preven¬tion, edited by Law-rence W. Sherman, David Farrington, Brandon Welsh, and Doris Layton MacKenzie. New York: Routledge.

Eck, John E., and Emily B. Eck. 2012. “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduc¬tion Options through a Reg-ulatory Approach.” Criminology and Public Policy 11(2):281–316.

Eck, John E., and Rob T. Guerette. 2012. “Place-Based Crime Prevention: Theory, Evidence, and Policy.” Pp. 354–83 in The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention, edited by Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington. New York: Oxford University Press.

Eck, John E., and Tamara Madensen. 2009. “Using Signatures of Opportunity Structures to Examine Mechanisms in Crime Prevention Evaluations.” Pp. 59–84 in Evaluating Crime Reduc¬tion Initiatives, edited by Johannes Knutsson and Nick Tilley. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Eck, John E., and Edward Maguire. 2000. “Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime? An Assessment of the Evidence.” Pp. 207–65 in The Crime Drop in America, edited by Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Eck, John E., and Julie Wartell. 1997. “Reducing Crime and Drug Dealing by Improving Place Management: A Ran-domized Experiment – Report to the National Institute of Justice.” San Diego, CA: San Diego Police Department.

Eck, John E., and Julie Wartell. 1998. “Improving the Management of Rental Properties with Drug Problems: A Ran-domized Experiment.” Pp. 161–85 in Civil Remedies and Crime Preven¬tion, edited by Lorraine Mazerolle and Jan Roehl. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Felson, Marcus, Mathieu E. Belange, Gisela M. Bichler, Chris D. Bruzinski, Glenna S. Camp¬bell, Cheryl L. Fried, Kathleen C. Grofik, Irene S. Mazur, Amy B. O’Regan, Patricia J. Sweeney, Andrew L. Ullman, and LaQuanda M. Williams. 1996. “Redesigning Hell: Pre¬venting Crime and Disorder at the Port Authority Bus Terminal.” Pp. 5–92 in Preventing Mass Transit Crime, edited by Ronald V. Clarke. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Hume, David. 1992 (1777). Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals. New York: Oxford University Press.

McGarrell, Edmund F., Steven Chermak, Alexander Weiss, and Jeremy Wilson. 2001. “Redu-cing Firearms Violence through Directed Police Patrol.” Criminology and Public Policy 1:119–48.

Madensen, Tamara D., and John E. Eck. 2013. “Crime Places and Place Management.” Pp. 554–78 in Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory, edited by Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox. New York: Oxford University Press.

Maxwell, Christopher D., Joel H. Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan. 2002. “The Preventive Effects of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: Research, Policy and Theory.” Criminology and Public Policy 2:51–80.

Pawson, Ray, and Nick Tilley. 2000. Realistic Evaluation. New York: Sage.

Payne, Troy C. 2015. “Reducing Excessive Police Incidents: Do Notices to Owners Work?”

Security Journal 28(1):1–18.

Popkin, Susan J., Lynn M. Olson, Arthur J. Lurigio, Victoria E. Gwiasda, and Ruth G. Carter. 1995. “Sweeping Out Drugs and Crime: Residents’ Views of the Chicago Housing Authori-ty’s Public Housing Drug Elimination Pro-gram.” Crime and Delinquency 41:73–99.

Poyner, Barry. 1994. “Lessons from Lisson Green: An Evaluation of Walkway Demolition on a British Housing Es-tate.” Pp. 127–50 in Crime Prevention Studies, edited by Ronald V. Clarke. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Shadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell. 2002. Experimentation and Quasi-Experimental De-signs for General Causal Inference. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Sherman, Lawrence W., and Richard A. Berk. 1984. “Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrests for Domestic Assault.” American Sociological Review 49:261–72.

Sherman, Lawrence W., and Dennis P. Rogan. 1995. “Effects of Gun Seizures on Gun Viol¬ence: ‘Hot Spots’ Patrol in Kansas City.” Justice Quarterly 12:673–93.

Sherman, Lawrence W., David Farrington, Brandon Welsh, and Doris Layton MacKenzie (Eds.). 2002. Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. New York: Routledge.

Smith, Martha J., Ronald V. Clarke, and Ken Pease. 2002. “Anticipatory Benefits of Crime Pre-vention.” Pp. 71–88 in Analysis for Crime Prevention, edited by Nick Tilley. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Taubes, Gary. 1993. Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion. New York: Random House.

Thagard, Paul. 1999. How Scientists Study Diseases. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tilley, Nick. 2000. “Doing Realistic Evaluation of Criminal Justice.” Pp. 97–113 in Criminology in the Field: The Practice of Crimino-logical Research, edited by Victor Jupp, Pamela M. Davies, and Peter Francis. London: Sage.

Welsh, Brandon C. 2006. “Evidence Based Policing for Crime Prevention.” Pp. 305–20 in Police Innovation: Con-trasting Perspectives, edited by David Weisburd and Anthony A. Braga. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Welsh, Brandon C., and David P. Farrington. 2004. “Evidence-Based Crime Prevention: The Effectiveness of CCTV.” Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal 6(2):21–33.

Weisburd, David, John E. Eck, Anthony Braga, Cody Telep, Breanne Cave, Kate Bowers, Gerben Bruinsma, Char-lotte Gill, Elizabeth Groff, Joshua Hinkle, Julie Hibdon, Shane Johnson, Brian Lawton, Cynthia Lum, Jerry Ratcliffe, George Rengert, Travis Taniguchi, and Sue-Ming Yang. 2015. Place Matters: Criminology for the 21st Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Weisburd, David, Nancy A. Morris, and Justin Ready. 2008. “Risk-focused Policing at Places: An Experimental Evalua-tion of the Communities that Care Program in Redlands, California.” Justice Quarterly 25:163–200.

Weisburd, David, Anthony Petrosino, and Gail Mason. 1993. “Design Sensitivity in Criminal Justice Experiments.” Pp. 337–79 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Winchester, Simon. 2003. Krakatoa – The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883. New York: HarperCollins.