التعصُّب الرياضي عبر منصات التواصل الاجتماعي: التداعيات الأمنية وسياسة المكافحة

Abaido, G. M. (2020). Cyberbullying on social media platforms among university students in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 407-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1669059

Abdellatif, S., Trabelsi, S. & Ouadah Bedidi, Z. (2022). From the stands to the arena of social movements: Post-2011 football terrace chants in Tunisia. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v14.i1.7988.

Abed, S. S. (2020). Social commerce adoption using TOE framework: An empirical investigation of Saudi Arabian SMEs. International Journal of Information Management, 53, 102118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102118.

Abu’n-Penas, J., Mart’nez Pati–o, M. J. & M’guez-Gonz‡lez, M. I. (2019). Spanish Winter Olympic athlete’s communication on Instagram. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14, S780-S791. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc4.40.

Abu-Rayyash, H. (2024). From niche to mainstream: Tracing the trajectory of fansubbing in the Arab World. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 7(2), 54-66. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2024.7.2.8.

Acheampong, E. Y., Akwaa-Sekyi, E. K. & Peprah-Yeboah, A. (2024). Investments in sport: fans’ impressions of Qatar 2022. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 28(1-2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2023.2252405.

Adetayo, A. J. (2023). Research output and visibility of librarians: Are social media influencers or distractors? Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 55(3), 813-827. https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221106177.

Ahmad, N. & Thorpe, H. (2020). Muslim sportswomen as digital space invaders: Hashtag politics and everyday visibilities. Communication & Sport, 8(4-5), 668-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519898447.

Ahmed, R. (2023). The Khaki colour of football. In P. Amar (ed.) Cairo Securitized: Reconceiving Urban Justice and Social Resilience. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Al Abdullah, H. O. H. (2022). The association between Saudi football clubs and the loyalty of their fanbase, a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10(9), 3830-3850. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i9.em03.

Alabdullah, W. (2020). Incorporating practices of publicness in Kuwaiti parks: Chai Ithahha, cricket, Diwaniya, and malls. The Journal of Public Space, 5(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i1.1253.

Al-Azmeh, A. (2020). Secularism in the Arab World: Contexts, Ideas and Consequences. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Al-Badayneh, D. M., Al-Assasfeh, R. A. & Ekici, S. (2023). Developing a robust legal system through scale for youth extremism across Arab cultures. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 18(1), 29-51.

Albadi, N., Kurdi, M. & Mishra, S. (2018). ‘Are they our brothers?’ Analysis and detection of religious hate speech in the Arabic Twittersphere. 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. pp. 69-76. Barcelona.

Al-Dosari, K., Deif, A. M., Kucukvar, M., Onat, N. & Fetais, N. (2023). Security supply chain using UAVs: Validation and development of a UAV-based model for Qatar’s mega sporting events. Drones, 7(9), 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7090555.

Alenezi, W. & Brinthaupt, T. M. (2022). The use of social media as a tool for learning: Perspectives of students in the Faculty of Education at Kuwait University. Contemporary Educational Technology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/11476.

Al Ganideh, S. F. (2021). Demystifying Arabs: Is soccer Arab societies’ ‘crystal ball’? National Identities, 23(5), 531-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2020.1830265.

Al Ganideh, S. F. & Good, L. K. (2015). Cheering for Spanish clubs: Team identification and fandom of foreign soccer clubs (The case of Arab fans). International Journal of Sport Psychology, 46, 348-368. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP2015.46.348.

Al Ganideh, S. F. & Good, L. K. (2016). The magic of soccer: transforming animosity into love (An empirical study of Arab fans and major European soccer leagues). International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1149873.

Alhalafi, N. & Veeraraghavan, P. (2021). Cybersecurity policy framework in Saudi Arabia: Literature review. Frontiers in Computer Science, 3, 736874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2021.736874.

Aljarah, I., Habib, M., Hijazi, N., Faris, H., Qaddoura, R., Hammo, B., Abushariah, M. & Alfawareh, M. (2021). Intelligent detection of hate speech in Arabic social network: A machine learning approach. Journal of Information Science, 47(4), 483-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551520917651.

Aljefree, N. M. & Alhothali, G. T. (2022). Exposure to food marketing via social media and obesity among university students in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 5851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105851.

Al Khalifa, H. K. & Farello, A. (2021). The soft power of Arab women’s football: Changing perceptions and building legitimacy through social media. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(2), 241-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1854327.

Al Kindi, A. & Bayoumi , B. A. (2023). Reasons for the growing phenomenon of violence in stadiums in the UAE. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarafms/v13-i2/17715.

Allen, C. (2019). The Football Lads Alliance and Democratic Football Lad’s Alliance: An insight into the dynamism and diversification of Britain’s counter-Jihad movement. Social Movement Studies, 18(5), 639-646. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2019.1590694.

Al Masari, H. J. & O’Connor, S. (2013). Sport marketing in the modern age: A case study of Etihad Airways’ sponsorship of Manchester City Football Club. In M. B. Sulayem, S. O’Connor and D. Hassan (eds.) Sport Management in the Middle East. Abingdon: Routledge.

Alrhmoun, A., Winter, C. & KertŽsz, J. (2024). Automating terror: The role and impact of telegram bots in the Islamic State’s online ecosystem. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 409-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2169141.

Amara, M. (2012). Sport, Politics and Society in the Arab World. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Amara, M. (2016). Football in West Asia. In J. Hughson, K. Moore, R. Spaaij & J. Maguire (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Football Studies. 34-47. Abingdon: Routledge.

Amara, M. & Bouandel, Y. (2023). Motor sport in the Middle East: Regional rivalries, business and politics in the Arabian Gulf. In D. Sturm, S. Wagg & D. L. Andrews (eds.) The History and Politics of Motor Racing. 67-78. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Amara, A. & Henry, I. (2004). Between globalisation and local modernity: The diffusion and modernisation of football in Algeria. Soccer & Society, 5(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970512331390974

Amara, M. & Ishac, W. (2021). Sport and development in Qatar, International dynamics of sport mega-events. In C. Tinaz & B. Knott (eds.) Sport and Development in Emerging Nations, London: Routledge.

Apostolou, M. & Lambrianou, R. (2016). What motivates people to do and watch sports? Exploring the effect of sex, age, partner status, and parenthood. Evolutionary Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-0160071-7.

Al-Hassan, A. & Al-Dossari, H. (2022). Detection of hate speech in Arabic tweets using deep learning. Multimedia Systems, 28, 1963-1974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-020-00742-w.

Al-Rawi, A. (2020). Women’s Activism and New Media in the Arab World. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Alsafari, S., Sadaoui, S. & Mouhoub, M. (2020). Hate and offensive speech detection on Arabic social media. Online Social Networks and Media, 19, 100096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100096.

Assad, A. (2023). The Role of Social Media in Developing Interest in Sports Among Arab Women. Arab Media & Society. Issue 33.

Asenbaum, H. (2023). The Politics of Becoming. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Atkinson, C. (2021). ‘Football fans are not thugs’: communication and the future of fan engagement in the policing of Scottish football. Policing & Society, 32(4), 472-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1916491.

Ayub, A. (2013). Sport and women in the Middle East. In M. Sulayem, S. O’Connor & D. Hassan (eds). Sport Management in the Middle East. Abingdon: Routledge.

Badran, A. (2021). Developing smart cities: Regulatory and policy implications for the state of Qatar. International Journal of Public Administration, 46(7), 519-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.2003811.

Bagwell, R., Leal, W. E. & Piquero, A. R. (2024). Crime related to major sporting events. In H. A. Solberg, R. K. Storm & K. Swart (eds.) Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events. Pp. 607-617. Cheltenham: E. E. Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800885653.00058.

Bandyopadhyay, K. (2024). Introduction: Perspectives on fans and identities in soccer. Soccer & Society, 25(4-6), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2342167.

Babar, Z. and Lynch, M. (2023). The Politics of Sports in the Middle East. POMEPS Studies 48: Politics of Sports in the Middle East. [online] Available at: https://pomeps.org/pomeps-studies-48-politics-of-sports-in-the-middle-east.

Barmpaliou, N. & Pawlak, P. (2024) Operational guidance: the EU’s international cooperation on cyber capacity building, European University Institute. Available at: https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/76149 (Accessed on 16 June 2024).

Barnes, N., Watson, S. & MacRae, S. (2023). The moral positioning of education policy publics: how social media is used to wedge an issue. Critical Studies in Education, 64(4), 337-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2022.2153372.

Bebawi, S. (2022). Disinformation in Arab media. In H. Wasserman & D. Madrid-Morales (eds.) Cultural Histories and Political Dynamics. 78-89. Hoboken: Wiley.

Biscaia, R., Yoshida, M. & Kim, Y. (2023). Service quality and its effects on consumer outcomes: a meta-analytic review in spectator sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(3), 897-921.https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1938630.

Bodet, G. & Amara, M (2016). Islamic sport marketing or sport marketing in Muslim cultures and communities. In A. Testa & M. Amara (eds.) Sport in Islam and in Muslim Communities. 121-132. Abingdon: Routledge.

Boiarov, V., Larkin, M., Kyrychenko, O., Penkov, S. & Kruhlov, O. (2021). Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans. Cuestiones Pol’ticas, 39(69), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.32.

Bongiovanni, I., Renaud, K., Brydon, H., Blignaut, R. & Cavallo, A. (2022). A quantification mechanism for assessing adherence to information security governance guidelines. Information & Computer Security, 30(4), 517-548. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-08-2021-0112.

Bongiovanni, I., Herold, D. M. & Wilde, S. J. (2024). Protecting the play: An integrative review of cybersecurity in and for sports events. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4799843.

Boulouard, Z., Ouaissa, M., Krichen, M., Almutiqm M. & Gasmi, K. (2022). Detecting hateful and offensive speech in Arabic social media using transfer learning’, Applied Sciences, 12(24), 12823. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412823.

Bourkia, A. (2018). Ultras in the city. A sociological inquiry into urban violence in Morocco. The Philosophical Journal of Conflict and Violence, 2(2), 321-333.

Boykoff, J. (2022). Toward a theory of sportswashing: Mega-events, soft power, and political conflict. Sociology of Sport Journal, 39(4), 342-351. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2022-0095.

Brannagan, P. M, & Reiche, D (2022). Qatar and the 2022 FIFA World Cup: Politics, Controversy, Change. Cham. Palgrave Macmillan.

Bushara, M. A., Abdou, A. H., Hassan, T. H., Sobaih, A. E. E., Albohnayh, A. S. M., Alshammari, W. G., Aldoreeb, M., Elsaed, A. A. & Elsaied, M. A. (2023). Power of social media marketing: How perceived value mediates the impact on restaurant followers’ purchase intention, willingness to pay a premium price, and E-WoM? Sustainability, 15, 5331. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065331.

Busse, J. & Wildangel, R. (2023). The rebellious game: The power of football in the Middle East and North Africa between the global and the local. The International Spectator, 58(2), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2023.2182021.

Byrne, S., & Ludvigsen, J. A. L. (2023). The duty of engagement: An analysis of the 2016 European Convention on an integrated safety, security and service approach at football matches and other events. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal, 21, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.1410.

Caldarelli, G., De Nicola, R., Del Vigna, F., Petrocchi, M. & Saracco, F. (2020). The role of bot squads in the political propaganda on Twitter. Communications Physics, 3, 81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-020-0340-4.

Casey, L. (2021, 3 December). The Baroness Casey review. an independent review of events surrounding UEFA EURO2020 Final ‘EURO Sunday’ at Wembley. The Football Association. Available at: https://www.thefa.com/news/2021/dec/03/baroness-casey-review-uefa-EURO-2020-final-20210312. (Accessed on 20 June 2024).

Cassam, Q. (2021). Extremism: A Philosophical Analysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429325472.

Cervi, L. (2021). Tik Tok and generation Z. Theatre, Dance and Performance Training, 12(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443927.2021.1915617.

Chadwick, S. (2022). From utilitarianism and neoclassical sport management to a new geopolitical economy of Sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 22(5), 685-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2032251.

Chadwick, S. & Widdop, P. (2022). Saudi Arabia and sport in the 21st century. In D. Reiche & P. M. Brannagan (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East. pp. 231-241. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003032915-26.

Chen, S. & Doran, K. (2022). The urgency for developing cybersecurity awareness in sport agencies and organizations. Findings in Sport, Hospitality, Entertainment, and Event Management, 2(1), 1-4.

Cheng, L., Varshney, K. R. & Liu, H. (2021). Socially responsible AI algorithms: Issues, purposes, and challenges. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 71, 1137-1181. https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12814.

Christensen, B. & Khalil, A. (2021). Reporting conflict from afar: Journalists, social media, Communication Technologies, and war. Journalism Practice, 17(2), 300-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1908839.

Čop, G. N., Culiberg, B. & First Komen, I. (2024). Exploring social media influencers’ moral dilemmas through role theory. Journal of Marketing Management, 40(1-2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2023.2241468.

Cleland, J. (2019). Sports fandom in the risk society: Analyzing perceptions and experiences of risk, security and terrorism at elite sports events. Sociology of Sport Journal, 36(2), 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0039.

Close, R. (2019). Cairo’s Ultras: Resistance and revolution in Egypt’s football culture by Ronnie Close. York: The American University in Cairo Press.

Cook, C. L., Karhulahti, V.-M., Harrison, G. & Bowman, N. D. (2023). Trolligans: Conceptual links between trolling and hooliganism in sports and esports. Communication & Sport. https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795231153005.

Cox, D. & Levine, M. P. (2020). Haneke, moral violence and morbid curiosity. Philosophical Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4(2), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.22618/TP.PJCV.20204.2.1763003.

Cremer, F., Sheehan, B., Fortmann, M., Kia, A. N., Mullins, M., Murphy, F. & Materne, S. (2022). Cyber risk and cybersecurity: a systematic review of data availability. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 47(3), 698-736. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41288-022-00266-6.

Curtis, J., Oxburgh, G. & Briggs, P. (2021). Heroes and hooligans: The heterogeneity of video game modders. Games and Culture, 17(2), 219-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120211026255.

Dan, V., Paris, B., Donovan, J., Hameleers, M., Roozenbeek, J., van der Linden, S. & von Sikorski, C. (2021). Visual mis- and disinformation, social media, and democracy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 98(3), 641-664. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990211035395.

Darnell, S. C., Razack, S. & Joseph, J. (2021). Sport, social movements and digital media. In E. C. K. Pike (ed.), Research Handbook on Sports and Society. pp. 53-67. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Dauncey, H. (2023). Stade de France and Wembley as social space: A tale of two stadiums. In B. Alpan, A. Sonntag & K. Herd (eds.) The Political Football Stadium. Football Research in an Enlarged Europe. pp. 123-145. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Demerdash, E. (2023). The role of football in preserving national identity in the Arab World. Politics of Sports in the Middle East. pp. 61-63. Centre for International and Regional Studies. Doha: Georgetown University.

Dhifalli, M. (2022). Monitoring social media in Arabic with our Digital Democracy Monitor. Democracy Reporting International. Available at: https://democracy-reporting.org/en/office/global/news/monitoring-social-media-in-arabic-with-our-toolkit (Accessed on 1 June 2024).

Dhouib, A., Othman, A., El Ghoul, O., Khribi, M. & Al Sinani, A. (2022). Arabic automatic speech recognition: A systematic literature review. Applied Sciences, 12(17), 8898. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178898.

Dion-Schwarz, C., Ryan, N., Thompson, J. A., Silfversten, E. & Paoli, G. P. (2018). Olympic-Caliber Cybersecurity: Lessons for Safeguarding the 2020 Games and Other Major Events. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2395.

Dinas, E., Mart’nez, S. & Valentim, V. (2024). Social norm change, political symbols, and expression of stigmatized preferences. The Journal of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1086/726951.

Doidge, M., Kossakowski, R. & Mintert, S. (2020). Ultras: The Passion and Performance of Contemporary Football Fandom. Manchester: Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127631.

Dorsey, J. M. (2020). Football arenas in the Middle East and North Africa: Battlegrounds for political control. In T. Rapoport (ed.) Doing Fandom: Lessons from Football in Gender, Emotions, Space. pp. 267-282. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46870-5_11.

Downing, J. (2023). Conclusions on social media and critical security studies in a digital age. New Security Challenges. pp. 239-260. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20734-1_8.

Dubinsky, Y. (2024). Clashes of cultures at the FIFA World Cup: Reflections on Soft Power, Nation Building, and sportswashing in Qatar 2022. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 20, 218-231. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-023-00311-8.

Duckworth, A. & Krieger, J. (2021). ‘The world will be watching and so will NSA!’: A History of technology and security at the Olympic Games. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 38(2-3), 264-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2021.1909574.

Dun, S. (2014). ‘No beer, no way!’ Football fan identity enactment won’t mix with Muslim beliefs in the Qatar 2022 World Cup. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 6(2), 186-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2014.925256.

Einsle, C. S. & Escalera Izquierdo, G. (2022). Taekwondo championship participant’s social networking sites usage profile: A descriptive study. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(7), 1723-1731. https://www.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2022.07216

El Hadifi, M. & Elfaraa, A. (2022). Ultras as a youth social movement: A critical discourse analysis of Moroccan football ultras. Omran, 11(42). https://doi.org/10.31430/acyw6134.

Elidrisy, A. (2024). Leveraging cloud services & digital transformation for sustainability: Insights from cases of Qatar. Journal of Innovative Research, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.54536/jir.v2i1.2398.

Faour-Klingbeil, D., Osaili, T., Al-Nabulsi, T., Jemni, M., Ewan, C. & Todd, D. (2021). The public perception of food and non-food related risks of infection and trust in the risk communication during COVID-19 crisis: A study on selected countries from the Arab Region. Food Control, 121, 107617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107617.

Fawzi, M. & Magdy, W. (2024). ‘Pinocchio had a nose, you have a network!’: On characterizing fake news spreaders on Arabic social media. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 8, CSCW1Article 211, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3653702.

Ferguson, C. J. (2021). Does the Internet make the world worse? Depression, aggression and polarization in the social media age. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 41(4), p.027046762110645. https://doi.org/10.1177/02704676211064567.

Fincoeur, B. (2023). From stands to forests: The development of Belgian and Dutch football hooliganism. In B. Buarque de Hollanda & T. Busset (eds.) Football Fandom in Europe and Latin America. Football Research in an Enlarged Europe. pp. 134-145. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06473-9_5.

Fontes-Perryman, E. & Spina, R. (2022). Fear of missing out and compulsive social media use as mediators between OCD symptoms and social media fatigue. Psychology of Popular Media, 11(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000356.

Frandsen, K., Jerslev, A. & Mortensen, M. (2022). Media events in the age of global, digital media: Centring, scale, and participatory liveness. Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 4(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2022-0001.

Fruh, K., Archer, A. & Wojtowicz, J. (2022). Sportswashing: Complicity and corruption. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 17(1), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2022.2107697.

Gawer, A. (2020). Digital platforms’ boundaries: The interplay of firm scope, platform sides, and digital interfaces. Long Range Planning: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2020.102045.

Gebhardt, R. (2023). ‘Unpolitical in this time/truly one can no longer be so’: The raw anti-elitism of hooligans in Germany. In M. Ege & J. Springer (eds.) The Cultural Politics of Anti-Elitism. pp. 223-242. Abingdon: Routledge.

Gibril, S. (2015). Contentious politics and bottom-up mobilization in revolutionary Egypt: the case of Egyptian football supporters in Cairo. In F. A. Gerges (ed.) Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Middle East Today. pp. 305-329. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137530868_13.

Giulianotti, R. (2015). Supporters, followers, fans, and fl‰neurs: A taxonomy of spectator identities in football. In D. Karen & R. E. Washington (eds.) Sport, Power and Society: Institutions and Practices. pp. 164-178. New York: Routledge.

Gorringe, H., Stott, C. & Rosie, M. (2012). Dialogue, police, decision making and the management of public order during protest crowd events. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 9(2), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1359.

Goulding, R., Leaver, A. & Silver, J. (2023). When the Abu Dhabi United Group came to town: Constructing an organisational fix for state capitalism through the Manchester Life Partnership. Antipode. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.13013.

Griffin, T. R. (2021). National identity, social legacy and Qatar 2022: The cultural ramifications of FIFA’s first Arab World Cup. In K. Bandyopadhyay & S. Naha (eds.)

Moments, Metaphors, Memories: Defining Events in the History of Soccer. Pp. 134-151. Abingdon: Routledge.

Grodecki, M., Antonowicz, D., Kossakowski, R., & Doidge, M. (2024). Hooligans are coming home. A response to Ellis Cashmore and Kevin Dixon, ‘Why football violence made a comeback in continental Europe but spared England’ [soccer & society 25, no. 3 (2024): 378-384]. Soccer & Society, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2328975.

Grow, N. & Shackelford, S. J. (2020). The sport of cybersecurity: How professional sports leagues can better protect the competitive integrity of their games. Boston College Law Review, 61(2), 473-477.

Guellil, I., Adeel, A., Azouaou, F., Chennoufi, S., Maafi, H. & Hamitouche, T. (2020). Detecting hate speech against politicians in Arabic community on social media. International Journal of Web Information Systems, 16(3), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-08-2019-0036.

van Ham, T., Adang, O. M. J., Ferwerda, H. B., Doreleijers, T. A. H. & Blokland, A. A. J. (2022). Planned hooligan fights: Contributing factors and significance for individuals who take part. European Journal of Criminology, 19(5), 954-973. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370820932080.

Hangartner, D., Gennaro, G., Alasiri, S., Bahrich, N., Bornhoft, A., Boucher, J., ... & Donnay, K. (2021). Empathy-based counterspeech can reduce racist hate speech in a social media field experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(50), e2116310118.

Han, H., Asif, M., Awwad, E., Sarhan, N., Ghadi, Y. & Xu, B. (2024). Innovative deep learning techniques for monitoring aggressive behavior in social media posts. Journal of Cloud Computing, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00577-6.

Hassa, S. (2012). Projecting, exposing, revealing self in the digital world: Usernames as a social practice in a Moroccan chatroom. Names, 60(4), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1179/0027773812Z.00000000031.

Hassan, M. M. (2024). The role of soccer and identity in Egyptian society: fans and players. Soccer & Society, 25(4-6), 560-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2332083.

Hassib, B. & Shires, J. (2022). Cybersecurity in the GCC: From economic development to geopolitical controversy. Middle East Policy, 29(1), 90-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12616.

Hester, R. & Pamment, N. (2020). ‘It’s become fashionable’: Practitioner perspectives on football hooliganism involving young people. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 22(4), 366-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355720947778.

Horng, J.-S., Liu, C.-H., Chou, S.-F., Yu, T.-Y. & Ng, Y.-L. (2023). Modelling competitive advantage using the concepts of big data and social media to develop a sustainability strategy. Tourism Review, 78(3), 712-725. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2022-0012.

Hussain, U. & Cunningham, G. B. (2021). The determinants of Muslim women’s pro-sport Hijab purchase intention: A theory of planned behavior perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(4), 1249-1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1976242.

Hurley, Z. (2021). #reimagining Arab women’s social media empowerment and the postdigital condition. Social Media + Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211010169.

Irshad, M., Ahmad, M. S. & Malik, O. F. (2020). Understanding consumers’ trust in social media marketing environment. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 48(11), 1195-1212. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-07-2019-0225.

ITU. (2024). Global cybersecurity index. ITU. Available at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Pages/global-cybersecurity-index.aspx. (Accessed: 6 April 2024).

Jack, M. (2021). ‘You call this democracy?’ FC Saint Pauli supporters, football chants, and the police. In S. R. Millar, M. J. Power, P. Widdop, D. Parnell & J. Carr (eds.) Football and Popular Culture: Singing Out from the Stands. Pp. 134-145. Abingdon: Routledge.

Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M. & Foucault Welles, B. (2020). #HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Jain, A. K., Sahoo, S. R. & Kaubiyal, J. (2021). Online social networks security and privacy: comprehensive review and analysis. Complex & Intelligence Systems, 7, 2157-2177 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00409-7.

Jakubowska, H., Antonowicz, D. & Kossakowski, R. (2020). Female Fans, Gender Relations and Football Fandom Challenging the Brotherhood Culture. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429347009.

Jarrar, S. N. M., Hamza, W. I. A. M. & Eltorpany, A. E. A. (2024). The impact of social media on the sports field in the Arab world. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 5469-5478. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.3797

JimŽnez-Dur‡n, R. (2023). The economics of content moderation: Theory and experimental evidence from hate speech on Twitter. George J. Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy & the State Working Paper No. 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4590147.

Jones, B. (2024). Casual culture and football hooligan autobiographies: popular memory, working-class men and racialised masculinities in deindustrialising Britain, 1970s–1990s. Contemporary British History, 38(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2023.2278534.

Jones, C. W., Byon, K. K. Williams, A. S. & Pedersen, P. M. (2023). Live events and the sport customer: A sport spectator quality-value-behavior model. Journal of Global Sport Management, 8(1), 340-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846908.

Jones, I., Adams, A. & Mayoh, J. (2024). Fan responses to ownership change in the English Premier League: Motivated ignorance, social creativity and social competition at Newcastle United F.C. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 59(1), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902231179067.

Jusko, P. & Weihe, H-J.W. (2024). Football Hooliganism as a Socio-Political Phenomenon: Motivation, Manifestations, and Prevention Strategies. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio J, Paedagogia-Psychologia, 37(1), pp.207–216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/j.2024.37.1.207-216.

Kearns, C., Sinclair, G., Black, J., Doidge., Fletcher, T., Kilvington, D., Liston, K., Lynn, T. & Rosati, P. (2022). A scoping review of research on online hate and Sport. Communication & Sport, 11(2), 402-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795221132728.

Khalifa, N. A.-D. (2020). Identification and prevention of expected cybersecurity threats during 2022 World Cup in Qatar. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 5(1), 49-84. https://doi.org/10.47604/jpid.1135.

Kilvington, D. (2021). ‘The virtual stages of hate: Using Goffman’s work to conceptualise the motivations for online hate’. Media, Culture and Society, 43(2), 256-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720972318.

Kilvington, D., Hylton, K., Long, J. & Bond, A. (2022). Investigating online football forums: A critical examination of participants’ responses to football related racism and Islamophobia. Soccer & Society, 23(82), 849-864. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2022.2109801.

Kirsch, B., Sauer, T. & ZŸlch, H. (2024). Decrypting the specifics of professional football club investments: Why? What? How? An integrative review. Sport, Business and Management, 14(2), 136-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2022-0095.

Koch, N. (2020). The geopolitics of Gulf sport sponsorship. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 14(3), 355-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2019.1669693.

Kondakov, A. & Shotron, E. (2021). Sex, alcohol and soul: Violent reactions to coming out after the ‘Gay Propaganda’ law in Russia. The Russian Review, 80(1), 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/russ.12297.

Kossakowski, R. (2021). Hooligans, Ultras, Activists: Polish Football Fandom in Sociological Perspective. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56607-4.

Kossakowski, R. (2023). The long shadow of communism, hooliganism and identity politics: Contemporary football fandom in Eastern Europe. In B. Buarque de Hollanda & T. Busset (eds.) Football Fandom in Europe and Latin America. Football Research in an Enlarged Europe. pp. 149-171. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06473-9_7.

Kossakowski, R., Antonowicz, D. & Jakubowska, H. (2020). The reproduction of hegemonic masculinity in football fandom: An analysis of the performance of Polish ultras. In R. Magrath, J. Cleland & E. Anderson (eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of Masculinity and Sport. pp. 517-536. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19799-5_29.

Kretschmer, T., Leiponen, A., Schilling, M. & Vasudeva, G. (2022). Platform ecosystems as meta‐organizations: Implications for platform strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 43, 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3250.

Krueger, N., Bogers, M. L. A. M., Labaki, R. & Basco, R. (2021). Advancing family business science through context theorizing: The case of the Arab world. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2020.100377.

Kumar, A. M. & Gupta, S. (2023). Governance of social media platforms: A literature review. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.17705/1pais.15103.

Kumar, R., Nandi, E., Devi, L.N., Ratan, S., Singh, S., Bhagat, A. & Dawer, Y. (2021). The ComMA Dataset V0.2: Annotating aggression and bias in multilingual social media discourse. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2111.10390.

Lee, E-J., Kim, H. S. & Choi, S. (2021). Violent video games and aggression: Stimulation or catharsis or both? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0033.

Li, X. & Feng, J. (2021). Empowerment or disempowerment: Exploring stakeholder engagement in nation branding through a mixed method approach to social network analysis. Public Relations Review, 47(3), 102024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102024.

Lim, M. (2017). Freedom to hate: social media, algorithmic enclaves, and the rise of tribal nationalism in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188.

Literat, I., Boxman-Shabtai, L. & Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2023). Protesting the protest paradigm: TikTok as a space for media criticism. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 28(2), 362-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221117481.

Lopez, S. T. (2009). On race, sports, and identity: Picking up the ball in Middle East Studies. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41(3), 359-361. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743809091065.

Ludvigsen, J. A. L. (2021a). ‘Lessons learned and tables turned: “(in)security” and media representations in the 2018 World Cup’, in K. Bandyopadyay & S. Naha (eds.) Moments, Metaphors, Memories. Pp. 45-59. Abingdon: Routledge.

Ludvigsen, L. J. A. (2021b). Mega-events, expansion and prospects: Perceptions of Euro 2020 and its 12-country hosting format. Journal of Consumer Culture. https://doi.org/10.1177/14695405211026045.

Ludvigsen, L. J. A. (2023a). The definers and standard setters of security: mapping the security field’s regulators through European football. World Leisure Journal, 65(4), 549-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2023.2208569.

Ludvigsen, L. J. A. (2023b). Football fans’ contestations over security: between offline and online fan spaces and channels. Sport in Society, 26(10), 1685-1700. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2023.2183848.

Ludvigsen, L. J. A., Tsoukala, A., Byrne, S., Rookwood, J. & Ross, W. J. (2024). A roundtable discussion on the politics of EURO 2024: a collective commentary. Soccer & Society, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2383104.

Lysa, C. (2021). Globalized, yet local: football fandom in Qatar. Soccer & Society, 22(7), 744-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1835650.

Maaranen, A. & Tienari, J. (2020). Social media and hyper-masculine work cultures. Gender Work Organisation. 27, 1127-1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12450.

MacDonald, K. E., Lamont, M. & Jenkins, J. M. (2019). Ultimate Fighting Championship fans: Foundations of subcultural stratification. Leisure Sciences, 41(6), 441-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2017.1344164.

Makki, A. A. S. (2023). Hate speech and racism in sport media analytical study in sports news in social media network. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 38, 1112-1133. https://doi.org/10.59670/efbw9e11.

Martin, J. G., Giulianotti, R., Bandura, C., Morrow, S., Hunt, K., Bancroft, A. & Purves, R. I. (2022). Stakeholder views of current laws surrounding alcohol at UK football matches: Is it a case of using a ‘sledgehammer to crack a nut’? International Journal of Drug Policy, 107, 103789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103789.

MŠrz, J. W. (2021). Hungary’s new anti-LGBTQ law: The medical profession must speak out about the harm it does to LGBTQ adolescents’ health. The Lancet Regional Health. Europe, 8. 100199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100199.

Mattar, M. Y. (2021). Combating academic corruption and enhancing academic integrity through international accreditation standards: The model of Qatar university. Journal of Academic Ethics, 20(2), pp. 119-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09392-7.

Matteucci, I. (2024). Media sporting events as platforms for ‘soft power’ and

digital activism. Sociology Study, 14(1-8). https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5526/2024.01.001.

Matthews, C. R. & Channon, A. (2017). Understanding sports violence: Revisiting foundational explorations. Sport in Society, 20(7), 751-767. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1179735.

Mauro, M. (2024). Contrasting media representations of race and national identity: The case of England and Italy at the Union of European Football Associations Euro 2020. European Journal of Cultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494241245632.

McDonald, H., Dunn, S., Schreyer, D. & Sharp, B. (2024), Understanding consumer behaviour in evolving subscription markets – lessons from sports season tickets research. Journal of Service Management, 35(1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-03-2022-0116.

McGillivray, D., Duignan, M. B. & Mielke, E. (2020). Mega sport events and spatial management: zoning space across Rio’s 2016 Olympic city. Annals of Leisure Research, 23(3), 280-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2019.1607509.

Media Regulation: The Official Portal of the UAE government (2024). Media regulation | The Official Portal of the UAE Government. Available at: https://u.ae/en/media/media-in-the-uae/media-regulation. (Accessed on 16 June 2024).

Moneva, A., Ruiter, S. & Meinsma, D. (2024). Criminal expertise and hacking efficiency. Computers in Human Behavior, 155, 108180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108180.

Mozafari, M., Farahbakhsh, R. & Crespi, N. (2019). A Bert-based transfer learning approach for hate speech detection in online social media. Complex Networks and Their Applications VIII, pp. 928-940. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36687-2_77.

Mumford, G. (2024, 8 May). Review: The Final: Attack on Wembley review – carnage on camera at Euro 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/may/08/the-final-attack-on-wembley-review-carnage-on-camera-at-euro-2020. (Accessed on 17 June 2024).

Mutz, M. (2024). A new flagship of global football: the rise of global attention towards Saudi Arabia’s pro league. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 6, 1293751.

Naseralallah, L., Isleem, N., Aboelbaha, S., Pallivalapila, A., Alnaimi, S. & Al Hail, M. (2023). Emergency pharmacy workforce views and experience related to the provision of pharmaceutical care during mass gathering events: the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ experience. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1286637. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1286637.

Nassif, N. & EL-Khoury, J. R. (2022). Media and women elite athletes in the Arab world: Current status and perspectives for developments. Asian Journal of Sport History & Culture, 1(3), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/27690148.2023.2201822.

Ncube, L. (2021). Cairo’s ultras: Resistance and revolution in Egypt’s football culture. Critical Arts, 35(1), 103-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2021.1891446.

Ncube, L., Mkwendi, C. P. & Batisayi, A. (2024). Victory for Africa or the Arab world? Moroccan nationalism, Arab exceptionalism, pan-African solidarity and digital fandom during the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Soccer & Society, 25(4-6), 673-692. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2332092.

Nepomuceno, T. C. C., de Carvalho, V. D. H., Silva, L. C., de Moura, J. A. & Costa, A. P. (2022). Exploring the Bedouin Syndrome in the football fan culture: Addressing the hooliganism phenomena through networks of violent behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 9711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159711.

Nye, J. S. (2021). Soft power: the origins and political progress of a concept. The Journal of International Communication, 28(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2021.2019893.

O’Brien, T. C. & Tyler, T. R. (2019). Rebuilding trust between police & communities through procedural justice & reconciliation. Behavioral Science & Policy, 5(1), 34-50. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2019.0003.

Olivereau, V. (2022). Investing in sport: A comparison of Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. In D. Reiche & P. M. Brannagan (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East. Pp. 211-227. Abingdon: Routledge.

Omolara, A. E., Alawida, M. & Abiodun, O. I. (2023). Drone cybersecurity issues, solutions, trend insights and future perspectives: a survey. Neural Computing & Applications, 35, 23063-23101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-023-08857-7.

Opitek, P. (2023) ‘Terroryzm. Studia, analizy, prewencja’, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 4(4), 325-376.

Owonikoko, S. M. & Rookwood, J. (2022). The modes of consumption and relational dynamics of English Premier League supporters in Nigeria. Soccer & Society, 23 (4-5), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2022.2059864.

Parent, M. M. & Ruetsch, A. (2020). Managing Major Sports Events: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429326776.

Parnell, D., Widdop, P. & Bond, A., et al. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1750100.

Pb, A. (2024). Developing an analytical definition of cybercrime. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 26(6), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4701799.

Phipps, C., Afrouzeh, A., Pourkiani, M., Oftadeh-Moghadam, S. & Sajjadi, N. (2023). ‘Iranians on one side, immigrants on the other!’: Socio-cultural constraints to sport participation amongst Afghan women migrants and refugees. Leisure Studies, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2023.2280024.

Pipini, M. (2018). Exploring the digitalization of football violence: Ultras, disembodiment, and the Internet. In S. Lawrence & G. Crawford (eds.), Digital Football Cultures: Fandom, Identities and Resistance. pp. 125-138. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351118903-8.

Pšpper, C., Maniatakos, M. & Di Pietro, R. (2021). Cyber security research in the Arab region. Communications of the ACM, 64(4), 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447741.

Purves, R. I., Maclean, J., Rocha, C., Philpott, M., Fitzgerald, N., Piggin, J. and Hunt, K. (2023). Attending sporting mega events during COVID-19: mitigation and messaging at UK EURO 2020 matches, Health Promotion International, 38(1), daac176. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac176.

Radcliffe, D. & Lam, A. (2018). Social media in the Middle East: the story of 2017. Eugene: University of Oregon.

Radcliffe, D., & Abuhmaid, H. (2023). How the Middle East Uses Social Media: 2021 Edition. How the Middle East Uses Social Media, New Media Academy.

Raad, M. (2022). Defamation under Subarticle 3(5) of the Saudi Arabian Anti-Cybercrime Law. Journal of Law in the Middle East, (2), 16.

Rajamanickam, S., Mishra, P., Yannakoudakis, H., and Shutova, E. (2020). Joint modelling of emotion and abusive language detection. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 4270–4279.

Reiche, D. & Brannagan, P. M. (2022). Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East. Abingdon: Routledge.

Relly, J. E. (2021). Online harassment of journalists as a consequence of populism, mis/disinformation, and impunity. In H. Tumber & S. Waisbord (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism. pp. 178-187. London: Routledge.

Rhodes, S. C. (2022). Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and fake news: How social media conditions individuals to be less critical of political misinformation. Political Communication, 39(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1910887.

Ristea, A. A., Boni, M., Resch, B., Gerber, M. S. & Leitner, M. (2020). Spatial crime distribution and prediction for sporting events using social media. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 34(9), 1708-1739. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1719495.

Roche, C. (2020). Appropriating and re-appropriating the Arabian horse for equestrian sport: The complexities of cultural transfer. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 14(3), 320-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2020.1772356.

Roche, M. (2003). Mega events, time and modernity: On time structures in global society. Time and Society, 12(1), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X03012001370.

Romero-Jara, E., Solanellas, F., L—pez-Carril, S., Kolyperas, D. & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2024). ‘The more we post, the better?’ A comparative analysis of fan engagement on social media profiles of football leagues. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-12-2023-0252.

Rommel, C. (2021). Egypt’s Football Revolution: Emotion, Masculinity, and Uneasy Politics. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Rookwood, J. (2014). The Animals. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDqHBixrP2Y.

Rookwood, J. (2017). Managing football hooliganism. In N. Schulenkorf & S. Frawley (Eds). Issues in Global Sport Management. pp. 152-163. Abingdon: Routledge.

Rookwood, J. (2019). Access, security and diplomacy: Perceptions of soft power, nation branding and the organisational challenges facing Qatar’s 2022 FIFA World Cup. Sport, Business Management, 9(1), 26-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-02-2018-0016.

Rookwood, J. (2022). From sport-for-development to sports mega-events: Conflict, authoritarian modernisation and statecraft in Azerbaijan. Sport in Society. 25 (4), 847-866. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.2019710.

Rookwood, J. (2023). Napoli – champions in Italy. Gløry. Available at : https://www.glory.studio/stories/2023/5/10/napoli-champions-in-italy. (Accessed on 8 May 2024).

Rookwood, J. (2024a). Diversifying the fan experience and securitising crowd management: A longitudinal analysis of fan park facilities at 15 football mega events between 2002 and 2019. Managing Sport and Leisure. 29(1), 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1985596

Rookwood, J. (2024b). The mechanisms of securitization, experiences and impacts of social control, and the pursuit of smart power at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. In J. A. L. Ludvigsen & M. Turner (eds). Social Control and Disorder in Football: Responses, Regulation, Rupture. pp. 35-48. Abingdon: Routledge.

Rookwood, J. (2024c, 9 February). Crowd control vs. fan engagement in football mega-events. The Academic. Available at: https://theacademic.com/crowd-control-vs-fan-engagement-in-football-mega-events/. (Accessed on 4 May 2024).

Rookwood, J. (2024d). Georgia at Euro 2024: sporting success amid political turmoil. The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/georgia-at-euro-2024-sporting-success-amid-political-turmoil-233402. (Accessed on 28 June 2024).

Rookwood, J. (2024e). Politicising Euro 2024, securitising soccer mega-events and promoting the fan experience. University of Michigan lecture. Sport Management Global Program. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1q8wvjYFJ-Q. (Accessed on 26 July 2024).

Rookwood, J. & Adeosun, K. (2023). Nation branding and public diplomacy: Japan’s 2019 Rugby World Cup and 20(21) Olympics, a global economic downturn and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Sport Management, 8(3), 573-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871860.

Rookwood, J. & Hoey, P. (2024). From the Anfield Wrap to Boss Night and the Paris protests: Football, politics, identity and the cultural evolution of fan media and supporter activism in Liverpool. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 7, 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-023-00139-9.

Rookwood, J. & Ludvigsen, J. A. L. (2022). Keynote address: The Paris Champions League final – key lessons for football events. The Futures of Football Conference, Solent University - 29 June. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALq_FPPjnMQ. Accessed on 4 May 2024.

Rookwood, J. & Pearson, G. (2012). The football hoolifan: positive fan attitudes to ‘hooliganism.’ International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(2), 147-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210388455.

Rookwood, J. & Spaaij, R. (2018). Violence in football: Overview, prevalence and risk factors. In P. Sturmey (ed). The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression. pp. 345-351. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.

Rudwick, S. & Schmiedl, M. (2023). ‘It’s not our problem’: Czech online discourse on kneeling in football and Black Lives Matter. Sport in Society, 26(10), 1701-1722. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2023.2188197.

Salem, F. (2017). Social media and the Internet of things: Towards data-driven policymaking in the Arab world: Potential, limits and concerns. The Arab Social Media Report, Dubai: MBR School of Government.

Samuel-Azran, T., Hayat, T. & Galily, Y. (2023). Global sport protest activism is exclusive to the global elite: A case study of #boycottqatar2022. American Behavioral Scientist, 67(10), 1179-1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221118299.

Sanchez‐Cartas, J. M. & Le—n, G. (2021). Multisided platforms and markets: A survey of the theoretical literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 35: 452-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12409.

S‡nchez-Garc’a, R. (2020). The spectacularization of violence in contemporary US bare-knuckle fighting. Sport in Society, 23(10), 1645-1658. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1814576.

Satish, K., Ginesta Portet, X. & de San Eugenio Vela, J. (2024). Football and nation branding: A case study of Saudi Arabia’s strategy for global football recognition. AdComunica, (27), 27-52. https://doi.org/10.6035/adcomunica.7776.

Saurwein, F. & Spencer-Smith, C. (2020). Combating disinformation on social media: Multilevel governance and distributed accountability in Europe. Digital Journalism, 8(6), 820-841. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1765401.

Seloom, M. (2024, 1 January). Qatar’s Security Strategy In the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4712971. (Accessed on 8 May 2024).

Schneider, C., Simoneck, M., Eggmann, F. & Filippi, A. (2023). Dental injuries in Swiss soccer supporters: A comparative study of regular fans, ultras, and hooligans for public health strategies. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 9(6), 1214-1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cre2.783.

Schreyer, D. and Singleton, C. (2024). Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4552736

Shermak, J. L. (2018). Scoring live Tweets on the Beat. Examining Twitter engagement in sports newspaper beat reporters’ live coverage. Digital Journalism, 6(1), 118-136. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1338144.

Singleton, C., Reade, J. J. & Schreyer, D. (2023). A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: when does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch? Empirical Economics, 65, 1487-1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-023-02383-0.

Sly, J. (2021). Security, locality and aggressive masculinity: Hooliganism and nationalism at football mega-events. In K. Dashper, K. (ed.) Sport, Gender and Mega-Events. pp. 91-111. Leeds: Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-936-920211011.

Stevenson, P. (2018). Empowerment discourses in transnational sporting contexts: the case of Sarah Attar, the first female Saudi Olympian. Sociology of Sport Journal, 35(3), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0129.

Stott, C., Pearson, G. & West, O. (2021). Enabling an evidence-based approach to policing football in the UK. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 14(4), 977-994. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pay102.

Taberner, I. & Juncˆ, A. (2021). Small-scale sport events as place branding platforms: A content analysis of Osona’s projected destination image through event-related pictures on Instagram. Sustainability, 13(21), 12255. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/su132112255.

Taylor, T., Burdsey, D. & Jarvis, N. (2023). A critical review on sport and the Arabian Peninsula – the current state of play and future directions. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 15(2), 367-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2023.2206399.

TePoel, D. & Nauright, J. (2021). Black Lives Matter in the sports world. Sport in Society, 24(5), 693-696. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1901392.

Thabet, H. (2022). Football in Egypt: Between joy and politics. In A. E. Ayuk (eds.) Football (Soccer) in Africa: Origins, Contributions, and Contradictions. pp. 147-164. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Theodorakis, N. D., Wann, D., Al-Emadi, A., Lianopoulos, Y. & Foudouki, A. (2017). An examination of levels of fandom, team identification, socialization processes, and fan behaviors in Qatar. Journal of Sport Behavior, 40(1), 1-21.

Theodorakis, N. D., Wann, D. L., Akindes, G. & Chadwick, S. (2019). Attitudes and consumption behaviors of football fans in the Middle East. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 42(2), 1-26.

Thorpe, H., Hayhurst, L. & Chawansky, M. (2018). ‘Once my relatives see me on social media“ It will be something very bad for my family’: the ethics and risks of organizational representations of sporting girls from the global south. Sociology of Sport Journal, 35(3), 226-237. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0020.

Tieken, M. C. & Wright, E. (2021). Wrestling with the past and mapping the future: A call to the field, Rural Sociology, 86(3), 635-639. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12409.

Tietjen, R. R. (2023). Fear, fanaticism, and fragile identities. Journal of Ethics, 27, 211-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-023-09418-9.

Tinasti, K. (2020). Drug use, policies and prohibition in Muslim countries. In D. R. Bewley-Taylor & K. Tinasti (eds.) Research Handbook on International Drug Policy. Cheltenham: EE Elgar, pp. 145-162.

Tiryaki, S. & Uzun, B. (2023). Fanatic or Ultras: Tribune culture in Turkey. Communication & Sport, 216747952311726. https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795231172657.

Toffoletti, K. & Thorpe, H. (2018). Female athletes’ self-representation on social media: A feminist analysis of neoliberal marketing strategies in ‘economies of visibility’. Feminism & Psychology, 28(1), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353517726705.

Torchia, D., Scagnelli, S. D. & Corazza, L. (2023). Breaking boundaries and creating inclusion-based organization through critical performativity and dialogical accountability: the case of FC United Manchester. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 36(7/8), 1839-1867. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-01-2022-5645.

Tran, E. (2023). Twitter, public diplomacy and social power in soft-balancing China–France relations. Journal of Contemporary China, 33(146), 267-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2023.2193150.

Tuastad, D. (2014). From football riot to revolution: The political role of football in the Arab world. Soccer & Society, 15(3), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2012.753541.

Uhrich, S., Behrens, A., Kang, T. A., Matsuoka, H. & Uhlendorf, K. (2023). Segmenting satellite supporters based on their value for team sport organizations. Journal of Global Sport Management, 8(1), 252-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819617.

Uysal, N., Schroeder, J. & Taylor, M. (2012). Social media and soft power: positioning Turkey’s image on Twitter. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 5(3), 338-359. https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-00503013.

Wilson, J. L. (2015). Soft power: A comparison of discourse and practice in Russia and China. Europe-Asia Studies, 67(8), 1171–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1078108.#

WŸst, A. & Nicolai, K. (2022). Cultural diplomacy and the reconfiguration of soft power: Evidence from Morocco. Mediterranean Politics, 28(4), 554-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2022.2033513.

Valiakhmetova, G. N. & Tsukanov, L. V. (2022). Digital Challenge for the Arab world: Integration or differentiation factor? International Relations, 22(2), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-2-303-319.

Valkenburg, B. & Bongiovanni, I. (2024). Unravelling the three lines model in cybersecurity: A systematic literature revie. Computers & Security, 139(4), 103708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2024.103708.

Vallas, S. P. & Schor, J. B. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 273-294. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857.

Van Ham, T., Adang, O. M. J., Ferwerda, H. B., Doreleijers, T. A. H. and Blokland, A. A. J. (2022). Planned hooligan fights: Contributing factors and significance for individuals who take part. European Journal of Criminology, 19(5), pp. 954-973. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370820932080.

Varghese, A. A. & Simon, S. (2024). FIFA 2022: Place attachment, psychic income, and psychological capital among the residents of Qatar. In R. Khamis & A. Buallay (eds.) AI in Business: Opportunities and Limitations. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Cham: Springer, pp.311-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49544-1_28.

Vicari, S. & Ditchfield, H. (2024). Platform visibility and the making of an issue: Vernaculars of hereditary cancer on Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and Twitter. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241229048.

Vidgen, B., Chung, Y.-L., Johansson, P., Kirk, H., Williams, A., Hale, S., Margetts, H., Rottger, P. & Sprejer, L. (2022). Tracking abuse on twitter against football players in the 2021-22 premier league season, Ofcom. Available at: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/online-research/twitter-abuse-against-premier-league-players. (Accessed on 21 June 2024).

Wakefield, L. T. & Bennett, G. (2018). Sports fan experience: Electronic word-of-mouth in ephemeral social media. Sport Management Review, 21(2), 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.003.

Wakefield, S. (2022). The making of a heritage sport: Falconry in the UAE. In D. Rieche & P. M. Brannagan (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East. Abingdon: Routledge.

Wan, B., Xu, C., Mahapatra, R. P. & Selvaraj, P. (2022). Understanding the cyber-physical system in international stadiums for security in the network from cyber-attacks and adversaries using AI. Wireless Personal Communications, 127(2), 1207-1224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08573-2.

Warshel, Y. (2023). So-called firsts scored by the Moroccan ‘Muslim, Arab, African, Post-colonial’ and Amazigh Atlas Lions at the 2022 World Cup football games. The Journal of North African Studies, 28(2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2023.2172783.

Watanabe, N. M., Soebbing, B. P., Chahardovali, T. & Huang, Y. (2023). The emergence of mixed martial-arts and the future of boxing: An analysis of consumer interest and compensation. Journal of Sports Economics. https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025231156058.

Westmoreland, M. R. (2016). Street scenes: The politics of revolutionary video in Egypt. Visual Anthropology, 29(3), 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2016.1154420.

White, F. A., Newson, M., Verrelli, S. & Whitehouse, H. (2021). Pathways to prejudice and outgroup hostility: Group alignment and intergroup conflict among football fans. Journal of Applied and Social Psychology, 52(7), 660-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12773.

Woods, J. & Ludvigsen, J. A. L. (2022). The changing faces of fandom? Exploring emerging ‘online’ and ‘offline’ fandom spaces in the English Premier League. Sport in Society, 25(11), 2234-2249. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1904902.

Wu, X. & Montgomery, M. (2023). The microblogging discourse of disasters: Twitter and Weibo in action in the aftermath of two major industrial accidents. Social Semiotics, 33(4), 731-749. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2021.1931097.

Yang, Q., Steinfield, A., Rose, C. & Zimmerman, J. (2020). Re-examining whether, why, and how human-ai interaction is uniquely difficult to design. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376301.

Yuksel, M., Smith, A. N. & Milne, G. R. (2021). Fantasy sports and beyond: Complementary

digital experiences (CDXs) as innovations for enhancing fan experience. Journal of Business Research. 134, 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.037.

Zaid, B., Fedtke, J., Shin, D. D., El Kadoussi, A. & Ibahrine, M. (2022). Digital Islam and Muslim millennials: How social media influencers reimagine religious authority and Islamic practices. Religions, 13, 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040335.

Zaid, B., Shin, D. D., Kteish, S., Fedtke, J. & Ibahrine, M. (2021). Gendered self-representation and empowerment on social media in the United Arab Emirates. The Communication Review, 24, 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2021.1957382.

Zhan, Y., Xiong, Y. & Xing, X. (2023). A conceptual model and case study of blockchain-enabled social media platform’. Technovation, 119, 102610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102610.

Ziani, A.-K., Elareshi, M. & Alrashid, M. (2017). Social impact of digital media: Growth pattern of Facebook in the Arab world. Media Watch, 8(2), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.15655/mw_2017_v8i2_49011.